<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" class="no-js" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="utf-8" />
        <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
        <title>
            A Brief History of Neon Signage - CityLab
        </title>
        <link rel="preload" as="font" crossorigin="" type="font/woff2" href="https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/frontend/dist/citylab/fonts/PFDINTextCondPro-Bold.087e7099415d.woff2" onload="performance.mark(&quot;citylab_pfdintextcondpro_loaded&quot;)" />
        <link rel="preload" as="font" crossorigin="" type="font/woff2" href="https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/frontend/dist/citylab/fonts/DalaFloda-Bold.e4a83f9528a6.woff2" onload="performance.mark(&quot;citylab_dala_loaded&quot;)" />
        <style>
        <![CDATA[
        html{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}*,:after,:before{-webkit-box-sizing:inherit;box-sizing:inherit}@font-face{font-family:PFDINTextCondPro;font-stretch:normal;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:url(https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/frontend/dist/citylab/fonts/PFDINTextCondPro-Regular.e3d3da5ff930.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/frontend/dist/citylab/fonts/PFDINTextCondPro-Regular.91850a57ef05.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-family:PFDINTextCondPro;font-stretch:normal;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;src:url(https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/frontend/dist/citylab/fonts/PFDINTextCondPro-RegularItalic.5dbd98ad4797.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/frontend/dist/citylab/fonts/PFDINTextCondPro-RegularItalic.5da1a95ee80a.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-family:PFDINTextCondPro;font-stretch:normal;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;src:url(https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/frontend/dist/citylab/fonts/PFDINTextCondPro-Bold.087e7099415d.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/frontend/dist/citylab/fonts/PFDINTextCondPro-Bold.2ffc3c8a5a27.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-family:PFDINTextCondPro;font-stretch:normal;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;src:url(https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/frontend/dist/citylab/fonts/PFDINTextCondPro-BoldItalic.f3c72529a50c.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/frontend/dist/citylab/fonts/PFDINTextCondPro-BoldItalic.9468cbb520b6.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-family:Dala Floda Web;font-stretch:normal;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;src:url(https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/frontend/dist/citylab/fonts/DalaFloda-Bold.e4a83f9528a6.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/frontend/dist/citylab/fonts/DalaFloda-Bold.51f469f66a2e.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-family:Dala Floda Web;font-stretch:normal;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;src:url(https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/frontend/dist/citylab/fonts/DalaFloda-BoldItalic.f4ec64769a00.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/frontend/dist/citylab/fonts/DalaFloda-BoldItalic.8b3e2184bf49.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-family:Roboto;font-stretch:normal;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:url(https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/frontend/dist/citylab/fonts/Roboto-Regular-webfont.33b16009b506.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/frontend/dist/citylab/fonts/Roboto-Regular-webfont.3e5675c89f97.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-family:Roboto Slab;font-stretch:normal;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;src:url(https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/frontend/dist/citylab/fonts/RobotoSlab-Bold-webfont.da1b352a7ba8.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/frontend/dist/citylab/fonts/RobotoSlab-Bold-webfont.4d4a1b7008c2.woff) format("woff")}html{line-height:1.15;-ms-text-size-adjust:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%}body{margin:0}article,aside,footer,header,nav,section{display:block}h1{font-size:2em;margin:.67em 0}figcaption,figure{display:block}figure{margin:1em 40px}hr{-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible}main{display:block}pre{font-family:monospace,monospace;font-size:1em}a{background-color:transparent;-webkit-text-decoration-skip:objects}abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline dotted}b,strong{font-weight:inherit}b,strong{font-weight:bolder}code,kbd,samp{font-family:monospace,monospace;font-size:1em}dfn{font-style:italic}mark{background-color:#ff0;color:#000}small{font-size:80%}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline}sub{bottom:-.25em}sup{top:-.5em}audio,video{display:inline-block}audio:not([controls]){display:none;height:0}img{border-style:none}svg:not(:root){overflow:hidden}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0}button{overflow:visible}button,select{text-transform:none}[type=reset],[type=submit],button,html [type=button]{-webkit-appearance:button}[type=button]::-moz-focus-inner,[type=reset]::-moz-focus-inner,[type=submit]::-moz-focus-inner,button::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0}[type=button]:-moz-focusring,[type=reset]:-moz-focusring,[type=submit]:-moz-focusring,button:-moz-focusring{outline:1px dotted ButtonText}input{overflow:visible}[type=checkbox],[type=radio]{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0}[type=number]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type=number]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{height:auto}[type=search]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px}[type=search]::-webkit-search-cancel-button,[type=search]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit}fieldset{padding:.35em .75em .625em}legend{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;color:inherit;white-space:normal}progress{display:inline-block;vertical-align:baseline}textarea{overflow:auto}details{display:block}summary{display:list-item}menu{display:block}canvas{display:inline-block}template{display:none}[hidden]{display:none}a{color:#000;text-decoration:none;text-decoration:underline}a:hover{color:#37ee67;text-decoration:underline}@supports ((-webkit-text-decoration:underline #37ee67) or (text-decoration:underline #37ee67)){a:hover{color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:underline #37ee67;text-decoration:underline #37ee67}}blockquote{margin:1em 0}@media (min-width:49em){blockquote{padding:0 24px}}blockquote p{border-left:1px solid #b6b6b6;margin:0;padding:16px}body{font-family:Palatino,Palatino Linotype,Palatino LT STD,Book Antiqua,Georgia,serif;font-size:16px;line-height:1.5;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility}@media (min-width:36em){body{font-size:18px}}@media (min-width:64em){body{font-size:20px}}figure{margin:0}.gsc-above-wrapper-area{height:110px}.gsc-above-wrapper-area table{height:100%;margin:0}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-family:Dala Floda Web,Georgia,Times,serif;line-height:1.125;margin:0}h1{font-size:48px}h2{font-size:40px}h3{font-size:36px}h4{font-size:32px}h5{font-size:28px}h6{font-size:20px}img{vertical-align:middle}.pullquote{font-family:Dala Floda Web,Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:24px;line-height:1.25;margin:1em 0;text-align:center}.pullquote:after,.pullquote:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cpattern id='a' patternUnits='userSpaceOnUse' width='6' height='5' patternTransform='rotate(45)'%3E%3Cpath stroke='%23b6b6b6' stroke-width='2' d='M0 0v5'/%3E%3C/pattern%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Crect width='100%25' height='100%25' fill='url(%23a)'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");content:"";display:block;height:16px;pointer-events:none;background-position-x:50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:80%;margin:0 auto;width:100%}.pullquote:before{background-position-y:100%;border-bottom:1px solid #b6b6b6;margin-bottom:24px}.pullquote:after{border-top:1px solid #b6b6b6;margin-top:24px}table,table.tg{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;margin:16px 0}table.tg td,table td{border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Palatino,Palatino Linotype,Palatino LT STD,Book Antiqua,Georgia,serif;font-size:14px;overflow:hidden;padding:8px 4px;word-break:normal}table.tg th,table th{border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:400;overflow:hidden;padding:8px 4px;word-break:normal}.l-404:first-child{margin-top:16px}.l-404__message{margin-bottom:24px}.l-article__content{margin:0 auto;max-width:548px}@media (min-width:64em){.l-article__content{max-width:620px}}.l-article__hed{font-size:36px;line-height:1;margin-bottom:24px}@media (min-width:49em){.l-article__hed{font-size:40px}}@media (min-width:64em){.l-article__hed{font-size:48px;margin-bottom:8px}}.l-article__dek{font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:700;line-height:1.375}@media (min-width:36em){.l-article__dek{display:block}}@media (min-width:64em){.l-article__dek{border-top:1px solid #b6b6b6;font-size:20px;padding:24px 0 0}}.l-article__byline{font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;text-transform:uppercase}.l-article__meta{margin:0 auto 24px;max-width:660px}@media (min-width:75em){.l-article__meta{max-width:none}}.s-cms-content figure[style] picture{background-color:#f3f3f3}.s-cms-content img[data-srcset]{-webkit-transition:all 1s;transition:all 1s}.s-cms-content aside.series-ask-citylab{font-size:.95em;margin:1em}.s-cms-content figure{margin-bottom:16px;margin-top:16px}.s-cms-content figure img{height:auto;width:100%}.s-cms-content figcaption{color:#777;font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:400}.s-cms-content .c-lead-image__attribution{font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif}.s-cms-content table,.s-cms-content table.tg{width:100%!important}.s-cms-content table.tg tr:nth-child(2n),.s-cms-content table tr:nth-child(2n){background:#ececec}.s-cms-content table.tg td.tg-amwm,.s-cms-content table.tg th,.s-cms-content table td.tg-amwm,.s-cms-content table th{font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-weight:700}.s-cms-content table.tg td,.s-cms-content table td{border:0;font-family:Palatino,Palatino Linotype,Palatino LT STD,Book Antiqua,Georgia,serif;text-align:left}.s-cms-content .c-article-links,.s-cms-content .c-print-superscript{display:none}.s-cms-content .full-bleed{margin-left:calc(50% - 50vw);margin-right:calc(50% - 50vw);max-width:none!important}@media (min-width:55.25em){.s-cms-content .full-bleed{margin-left:calc(50% - (50vw - 155px));margin-right:calc(50% - (50vw - 155px))}}.s-cms-content .full-bleed figcaption{margin:4px auto 0;max-width:960px;padding:0 16px}.s-cms-content h3,.s-cms-content h4{font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:700;margin:8px 0}.s-cms-content h4{font-size:24px}.s-cms-content iframe[src*="https://esrimedia.maps.arcgis.com/"]{padding:8px}.o-small-container{margin:0 auto;max-width:548px}@media (min-width:64em){.o-small-container{max-width:620px}}.oembed{margin-bottom:32px;position:relative}.oembed:after{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cpattern id='a' patternUnits='userSpaceOnUse' width='6' height='5' patternTransform='rotate(45)'%3E%3Cpath stroke='%23b6b6b6' stroke-width='2' d='M0 0v5'/%3E%3C/pattern%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Crect width='100%25' height='100%25' fill='url(%23a)'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");content:"";display:block;height:16px;pointer-events:none;bottom:0;left:0;margin:0 auto;position:absolute;right:0;-webkit-transform:translateY(100%);transform:translateY(100%);width:80%}.oembed figure{margin:0}.special-report{border:1px solid #b6b6b6;margin:0 auto;max-width:300px;padding:0 16px 16px;text-align:center}.special-report>*{font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:700}.special-report a{color:#000;text-decoration:none}.special-report a:hover{color:#37ee67;text-decoration:underline}@supports ((-webkit-text-decoration:underline #37ee67) or (text-decoration:underline #37ee67)){.special-report a:hover{color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:underline #37ee67;text-decoration:underline #37ee67}}.special-report h4{font-size:20px}.special-report hr{display:none}.special-report img{width:100%}.special-report .go{margin-top:16px;text-transform:uppercase}.special-report .go a{background-color:#000;border:2px solid #000;border-radius:50%;color:#fff;line-height:1;padding:8px;position:relative}.special-report .go a:after{border:2px solid #fff;border-radius:50%;content:"";display:block;height:100%;left:0;position:absolute;top:0;width:100%}.special-report .go a:hover{background-color:#fff;border-color:#fff;color:#000;text-decoration:none}.special-report .go a:hover:after{border-color:#000}.special-report .module-tag{background-color:#000;color:#fff;display:inline-block;font-size:20px;padding:8px;text-transform:uppercase}.c-editors-note{font-size:14px;font-style:italic}.c-editors-note__date{display:block}.c-editors-note__date-label{color:#109b54}.c-foundation-line{border-top:1px solid #b6b6b6;font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:700;line-height:1.25}.gsc-control-cse table,.gsc-control-cse td{border-style:none}.l-header{-webkit-box-align:start;-ms-flex-align:start;align-items:flex-start;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 auto;max-width:940px}@media (min-width:36em){.l-header{-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center}}@media (min-width:64em){.l-header{-webkit-box-align:start;-ms-flex-align:start;align-items:flex-start;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;justify-content:flex-start}.l-header:not(.l-header--homepage){border-bottom:1px solid #b6b6b6}}.l-main{margin:16px auto;max-width:940px}@media (min-width:64em){.l-main{margin-top:0}}.l-masthead{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap}.l-sponsored{background-color:#000;display:none;min-width:310px}@media (min-width:55.25em){.l-sponsored{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-preferred-size:310px;flex-basis:310px;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0}}.l-sponsored__inner{height:100vh;max-width:310px;position:fixed;width:100%}.l-sponsored__label{color:#fff;font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-weight:700;margin:0;padding:1em;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase}@media (min-width:55.25em){.l-wrapper{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}}@media (min-width:55.25em){.l-content{-ms-flex-preferred-size:100%;flex-basis:100%}}.l-content__inner{margin:16px 8px 0}@media (min-width:36em){.l-content__inner{margin:16px 16px 0}}@media (min-width:55.25em){.l-content__inner{margin-top:32px}}.c-about{color:#fff;font-size:12px;margin:32px auto 0;text-align:center;width:280px}@media (min-width:36em){.c-about{margin-top:96px;width:292px}}.c-about__item{margin:0}.c-about__item:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:16px}gpt-ad,gpt-placeholder{display:block}.c-ad{display:block;width:100%}.c-ad.ad-loaded:before{color:#b6b6b6;content:"Advertisement";display:block;font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:1.3px;line-height:2;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase}.c-ad img{height:auto;width:100%}.c-ad--bleed{width:100vw;margin-left:calc(50% - 50vw);margin-right:calc(50% - 50vw)}@media (min-width:55.25em){.c-ad--bleed{margin-left:calc(50% - (50vw - 155px));margin-right:calc(50% - (50vw - 155px))}}@media (min-width:55.25em){.c-ad--bleed{width:auto}}.c-ad--shade.ad-loaded{background:#b6b6b6;padding:16px 0}.c-ad--shade.ad-loaded:before{color:#000}.c-ad--presented-by.ad-loaded:before{content:""}.c-ad--article-logo.ad-loaded{width:auto}.c-ad-container{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;margin-bottom:24px;width:100%}.c-ad--background.ad-loaded{background:#b6b6b6;padding:16px 0}.c-ad--background.ad-loaded:before{color:#000}@media (min-width:55.25em){.c-ad--container--sans-sidebar{display:none}}gpt-ad.ad-loaded.is-unlabeled:before{content:""!important}.c-author-header{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;margin-bottom:24px;padding-top:16px}@media (min-width:36em){.c-author-header{-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;margin-bottom:48px}}@media (min-width:64em){.c-author-header{-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;margin-bottom:64px;padding-top:0}}.c-author-header__picture{margin-bottom:16px}@media (min-width:36em){.c-author-header__picture{margin-bottom:0;margin-right:16px}}.c-author-header__content{text-align:center}@media (min-width:36em){.c-author-header__content{-ms-flex-preferred-size:calc(100% - 216px);flex-basis:calc(100% - 216px);text-align:left}}.c-author-header__title{font-size:40px;line-height:1;margin-bottom:16px}@media (min-width:36em){.c-author-header__title{font-size:48px}}@media (min-width:64em){.c-author-header__title{font-size:60px}}.c-author-header__list{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-weight:700;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;line-height:1;list-style:none;margin:0 0 16px;padding:0;text-transform:uppercase}@media (min-width:36em){.c-author-header__list{font-size:18px;-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;justify-content:flex-start}}@media (min-width:64em){.c-author-header__list{font-size:20px}}.c-author-header__item{-webkit-box-align:start;-ms-flex-align:start;align-items:flex-start;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}.c-author-header__item:not(:last-child):after{content:"/";margin:0 16px}.c-author-header__bio{margin:0;text-align:left}@media (min-width:36em){.c-author-header__bio{font-size:18px}}.c-btn{border-radius:0;color:#fff;font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:700;line-height:1;position:relative;text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap}.c-btn[disabled]{cursor:not-allowed;opacity:.8}.c-btn--signup,.c-btn--submit{background-color:#000;border:1px solid #000;cursor:pointer;padding:8px 16px}.c-btn--signup:hover,.c-btn--submit:hover{background-color:#fff;color:#000}.c-btn--footer{border-color:#fff}.c-btn--border-white{border:1px solid #fff;padding:8px 16px}.c-btn--border-white:hover{background-color:#fff;color:#000;text-decoration:none}.c-btn__loader{height:100%;left:0;position:absolute;top:0;width:100%;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;background-color:inherit;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;overflow:hidden;-webkit-transform:scale(0);transform:scale(0);-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform .2s;transition:-webkit-transform .2s;transition:transform .2s;transition:transform .2s,-webkit-transform .2s}.is-loading .c-btn__loader{-webkit-transform:scale(1);transform:scale(1)}.c-btn--share{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;border-radius:2px;display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;fill:#fff;font-size:14px;padding:8px 12px;text-transform:uppercase}.c-btn--facebook{background-color:#3b5998;color:#fff;text-decoration:none}.c-btn--facebook:hover{background-color:#2d4373;color:#fff;text-decoration:inherit}.c-btn--twitter{background-color:#1da1f2;color:#fff;text-decoration:none}.c-btn--twitter:hover{background-color:#0c85d0;color:#fff;text-decoration:inherit}.c-btn--more{background-color:#fff;color:#fff;text-decoration:none;border:1px solid #b6b6b6;fill:#000;padding:8px}.c-btn--more:hover{background-color:#e6e6e6;color:#fff;text-decoration:inherit}.c-btn__share-label{margin-top:4px}.c-btn--action-bar{background-color:#024637;border-radius:2px;color:#37ee67;letter-spacing:1px;padding:10px 12px 8px;text-transform:uppercase}.c-btn--action-bar:hover{background-color:#03785e;color:#37ee67;text-decoration:inherit}.c-btn--disqus-comments{background-color:#000;border:1px solid #000;cursor:pointer;display:block;font-size:20px;margin:0 auto;padding:16px 24px;position:relative;z-index:1}.c-btn--disqus-comments:hover{background-color:#fff;color:#000}.c-btn--pagination{background-color:#fff;color:#fff;text-decoration:none;border:1px solid #b6b6b6;color:#000;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;font-size:20px;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;padding:24px;position:relative;width:100%}.c-btn--pagination:hover{background-color:#e6e6e6;color:#fff;text-decoration:inherit}.c-btn--pagination:after{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cpattern id='a' patternUnits='userSpaceOnUse' width='6' height='5' patternTransform='rotate(45)'%3E%3Cpath stroke='%23b6b6b6' stroke-width='2' d='M0 0v5'/%3E%3C/pattern%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Crect width='100%25' height='100%25' fill='url(%23a)'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");content:"";display:block;height:16px;pointer-events:none;bottom:0;left:0;margin:0 auto;position:absolute;right:0;-webkit-transform:translateY(100%);transform:translateY(100%);width:80%}.c-btn--pagination:hover{color:#000}.c-btn--pagination:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:32px}@media (min-width:36em){.c-btn--pagination:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:0;margin-right:24px}}@media (min-width:36em){.c-btn--pagination{margin:0 auto;max-width:300px}}.c-btn--more-stories{background-color:#fff;color:#fff;text-decoration:none;border:1px solid #b6b6b6;color:#000;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;font-size:20px;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;margin-bottom:16px;padding:24px;position:relative;width:100%}.c-btn--more-stories:hover{background-color:#e6e6e6;color:#fff;text-decoration:inherit}.c-btn--more-stories:after{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cpattern id='a' patternUnits='userSpaceOnUse' width='6' height='5' patternTransform='rotate(45)'%3E%3Cpath stroke='%23b6b6b6' stroke-width='2' d='M0 0v5'/%3E%3C/pattern%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Crect width='100%25' height='100%25' fill='url(%23a)'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");content:"";display:block;height:16px;pointer-events:none;bottom:0;left:0;margin:0 auto;position:absolute;right:0;-webkit-transform:translateY(100%);transform:translateY(100%);width:80%}.c-btn--more-stories:hover{color:#000}.c-btn--more-stories:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:32px}@media (min-width:36em){.c-btn--more-stories:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:0;margin-right:24px}}.c-byline{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:500;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;letter-spacing:1px;line-height:1.5;margin:0;text-transform:uppercase}@media (min-width:36em){.c-byline{font-size:16px}}.c-byline--most-popular{display:block}@media (min-width:49em){.c-byline--most-popular{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}}.c-byline--homepage-item{-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;justify-content:flex-start}.c-byline--related-content,.c-byline--river{display:block}.c-byline--article__hed{display:block}.c-byline--article-most-popular{display:block}.c-byline__link--most-popular,.c-byline__link--related-content,.c-byline__link--river{display:block}@media (min-width:42.75em){.c-byline__link--homepage-item{color:#fff}}.c-byline__time--homepage-item{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}.c-loader{-webkit-animation:a 1.5s infinite linear;animation:a 1.5s infinite linear;color:hsla(0,0%,71%,.6);height:16px;margin:0 28px;position:relative;text-indent:-9999em;-webkit-transform:skew(135deg);transform:skew(135deg);width:2px}@-webkit-keyframes a{0%,to{-webkit-box-shadow:-28px 0 #b6b6b6,-20px 0,-12px 0,-4px 0,4px 0,12px 0,20px 0,28px 0;box-shadow:-28px 0 #b6b6b6,-20px 0,-12px 0,-4px 0,4px 0,12px 0,20px 0,28px 0}12.5%{-webkit-box-shadow:-28px 0 hsla(0,0%,71%,.8),-20px 0 #b6b6b6,-12px 0,-4px 0,4px 0,12px 0,20px 0,28px 0;box-shadow:-28px 0 hsla(0,0%,71%,.8),-20px 0 #b6b6b6,-12px 0,-4px 0,4px 0,12px 0,20px 0,28px 0}25%{-webkit-box-shadow:-28px 0,-20px 0 hsla(0,0%,71%,.8),-12px 0 #b6b6b6,-4px 0,4px 0,12px 0,20px 0,28px 0;box-shadow:-28px 0,-20px 0 hsla(0,0%,71%,.8),-12px 0 #b6b6b6,-4px 0,4px 0,12px 0,20px 0,28px 0}37.5%{-webkit-box-shadow:-28px 0,-20px 0,-12px 0 hsla(0,0%,71%,.8),-4px 0 #b6b6b6,4px 0,12px 0,20px 0,28px 0;box-shadow:-28px 0,-20px 0,-12px 0 hsla(0,0%,71%,.8),-4px 0 #b6b6b6,4px 0,12px 0,20px 0,28px 0}50%{-webkit-box-shadow:-28px 0,-20px 0,-12px 0,-4px 0 hsla(0,0%,71%,.8),4px 0 #b6b6b6,12px 0,20px 0,28px 0;box-shadow:-28px 0,-20px 0,-12px 0,-4px 0 hsla(0,0%,71%,.8),4px 0 #b6b6b6,12px 0,20px 0,28px 0}62.5%{-webkit-box-shadow:-28px 0,-20px 0,-12px 0,-4px 0,4px 0 hsla(0,0%,71%,.8),12px 0 #b6b6b6,20px 0,28px 0;box-shadow:-28px 0,-20px 0,-12px 0,-4px 0,4px 0 hsla(0,0%,71%,.8),12px 0 #b6b6b6,20px 0,28px 0}75%{-webkit-box-shadow:-28px 0,-20px 0,-12px 0,-4px 0,4px 0,12px 0 hsla(0,0%,71%,.8),20px 0 #b6b6b6,28px 0;box-shadow:-28px 0,-20px 0,-12px 0,-4px 0,4px 0,12px 0 hsla(0,0%,71%,.8),20px 0 #b6b6b6,28px 0}87.5%{-webkit-box-shadow:-28px 0,-20px 0,-12px 0,-4px 0,4px 0,12px 0,20px 0 hsla(0,0%,71%,.8),28px 0 #b6b6b6;box-shadow:-28px 0,-20px 0,-12px 0,-4px 0,4px 0,12px 0,20px 0 hsla(0,0%,71%,.8),28px 0 #b6b6b6}}@keyframes a{0%,to{-webkit-box-shadow:-28px 0 #b6b6b6,-20px 0,-12px 0,-4px 0,4px 0,12px 0,20px 0,28px 0;box-shadow:-28px 0 #b6b6b6,-20px 0,-12px 0,-4px 0,4px 0,12px 0,20px 0,28px 0}12.5%{-webkit-box-shadow:-28px 0 hsla(0,0%,71%,.8),-20px 0 #b6b6b6,-12px 0,-4px 0,4px 0,12px 0,20px 0,28px 0;box-shadow:-28px 0 hsla(0,0%,71%,.8),-20px 0 #b6b6b6,-12px 0,-4px 0,4px 0,12px 0,20px 0,28px 0}25%{-webkit-box-shadow:-28px 0,-20px 0 hsla(0,0%,71%,.8),-12px 0 #b6b6b6,-4px 0,4px 0,12px 0,20px 0,28px 0;box-shadow:-28px 0,-20px 0 hsla(0,0%,71%,.8),-12px 0 #b6b6b6,-4px 0,4px 0,12px 0,20px 0,28px 0}37.5%{-webkit-box-shadow:-28px 0,-20px 0,-12px 0 hsla(0,0%,71%,.8),-4px 0 #b6b6b6,4px 0,12px 0,20px 0,28px 0;box-shadow:-28px 0,-20px 0,-12px 0 hsla(0,0%,71%,.8),-4px 0 #b6b6b6,4px 0,12px 0,20px 0,28px 0}50%{-webkit-box-shadow:-28px 0,-20px 0,-12px 0,-4px 0 hsla(0,0%,71%,.8),4px 0 #b6b6b6,12px 0,20px 0,28px 0;box-shadow:-28px 0,-20px 0,-12px 0,-4px 0 hsla(0,0%,71%,.8),4px 0 #b6b6b6,12px 0,20px 0,28px 0}62.5%{-webkit-box-shadow:-28px 0,-20px 0,-12px 0,-4px 0,4px 0 hsla(0,0%,71%,.8),12px 0 #b6b6b6,20px 0,28px 0;box-shadow:-28px 0,-20px 0,-12px 0,-4px 0,4px 0 hsla(0,0%,71%,.8),12px 0 #b6b6b6,20px 0,28px 0}75%{-webkit-box-shadow:-28px 0,-20px 0,-12px 0,-4px 0,4px 0,12px 0 hsla(0,0%,71%,.8),20px 0 #b6b6b6,28px 0;box-shadow:-28px 0,-20px 0,-12px 0,-4px 0,4px 0,12px 0 hsla(0,0%,71%,.8),20px 0 #b6b6b6,28px 0}87.5%{-webkit-box-shadow:-28px 0,-20px 0,-12px 0,-4px 0,4px 0,12px 0,20px 0 hsla(0,0%,71%,.8),28px 0 #b6b6b6;box-shadow:-28px 0,-20px 0,-12px 0,-4px 0,4px 0,12px 0,20px 0 hsla(0,0%,71%,.8),28px 0 #b6b6b6}}.c-featured{border:1px solid #b6b6b6;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;margin-bottom:16px;-webkit-box-ordinal-group:2;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;padding-bottom:16px;position:relative;text-align:center}.c-featured:after{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cpattern id='a' patternUnits='userSpaceOnUse' width='6' height='5' patternTransform='rotate(45)'%3E%3Cpath stroke='%23b6b6b6' stroke-width='2' d='M0 0v5'/%3E%3C/pattern%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Crect width='100%25' height='100%25' fill='url(%23a)'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");content:"";display:block;height:16px;pointer-events:none;bottom:0;margin:0 auto;position:absolute;width:100%}@media (min-width:36em){.c-featured{-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;-webkit-box-ordinal-group:1;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0}}@media (min-width:64em){.c-featured{-webkit-box-ordinal-group:2;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1}}.c-featured__list{-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;height:auto;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}@media (min-width:36em){.c-featured__list{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;width:100%}}.c-featured-item{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;padding:16px}.c-featured-item:not(:last-child){border-bottom:1px dashed #b6b6b6}.c-featured-item__hed{-ms-flex-preferred-size:100%;flex-basis:100%;font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:20px;margin-bottom:4px}.c-featured__link--item{color:#000;text-decoration:none}.c-featured__link--item:hover{color:#37ee67;text-decoration:underline}@supports ((-webkit-text-decoration:underline #37ee67) or (text-decoration:underline #37ee67)){.c-featured__link--item:hover{color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:underline #37ee67;text-decoration:underline #37ee67}}.c-homepage-item__container{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;line-height:1;margin-bottom:16px}@media (min-width:42.75em){.c-homepage-item__container{background-color:#000;color:#fff}}@media (min-width:36em){.c-homepage-item__container:last-child{margin-bottom:0}}@media (min-width:75em){.c-homepage-item__container--top{-ms-flex-preferred-size:calc(33.33333% - 0px);flex-basis:calc(33.33333% - 0px);margin-bottom:0;margin-right:16px}.c-homepage-item__container--top:last-child{margin-right:0}}@media (min-width:49em){.c-homepage-item__container--upper-mid{-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:reverse;-ms-flex-direction:row-reverse;flex-direction:row-reverse;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between}}@media (min-width:36em){.c-homepage-item__container--upper-mid:nth-child(2){margin-bottom:0}}@media (min-width:49em){.c-homepage-item__container--upper-mid:nth-child(2){margin-bottom:16px}}.c-homepage-item__container--bottom{-ms-flex-preferred-size:calc(100% - 0px);flex-basis:calc(100% - 0px)}.c-homepage-item__container--bottom:nth-child(n+5){display:none}@media (min-width:42.75em){.c-homepage-item__container--bottom{-ms-flex-preferred-size:calc(50% - 8px);flex-basis:calc(50% - 8px);margin-right:16px}}@media (min-width:49em){.c-homepage-item__container--bottom{-ms-flex-preferred-size:calc(100% - 0px);flex-basis:calc(100% - 0px);margin-right:0}}@media (min-width:55.25em){.c-homepage-item__container--bottom:nth-child(n+5){display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}}@media (min-width:36em){.c-homepage-item__container--bottom:nth-child(2n){margin-right:0}}.c-homepage-item__content{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-preferred-size:100%;flex-basis:100%;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:700;padding:8px}.c-homepage-item__title{color:#000;text-decoration:none;color:inherit;font-size:20px;margin:0 0 8px}.c-homepage-item__title:hover{color:#37ee67;text-decoration:underline}@supports ((-webkit-text-decoration:underline #37ee67) or (text-decoration:underline #37ee67)){.c-homepage-item__title:hover{color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:underline #37ee67;text-decoration:underline #37ee67}}.c-homepage-item__media{-ms-flex-preferred-size:144px;flex-basis:144px;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;margin:0;max-width:144px;min-width:144px;padding-bottom:144px;position:relative}@media (min-width:49em){.c-homepage-item__media{-ms-flex-preferred-size:128px;flex-basis:128px;min-width:128px;padding-bottom:128px}}@media (min-width:64em){.c-homepage-item__media{-ms-flex-preferred-size:144px;flex-basis:144px;min-width:144px;padding-bottom:144px}}@media (min-width:75em){@supports ((-o-object-fit:cover) or (object-fit:cover)){.c-homepage-item__media--upper-mid{-ms-flex-preferred-size:192px;flex-basis:192px;max-width:none;padding-bottom:128px}}}.c-homepage-item__image{height:100%;width:100%}.c-homepage-item__media-object{display:block;height:100%;position:absolute;width:100%}.c-homepage-item__byline{font-size:10px}.c-hp{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;margin-bottom:16px}@media (min-width:36em){.c-hp{-webkit-box-align:start;-ms-flex-align:start;align-items:flex-start;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between}}.c-hp .c-byline{font-size:12px;line-height:1.125}@media (min-width:36em){.c-hp .c-byline{font-size:14px}}.c-hp-article-section{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;margin-bottom:24px;width:100%}.c-hp--top{-webkit-box-align:stretch;-ms-flex-align:stretch;align-items:stretch}.c-hp-promo-container{margin:0 auto 16px;width:100%}.c-hp-promo-container--top{margin-left:0;margin-right:0}@media (min-width:49em){.c-hp-promo-container--top{margin-bottom:24px}}@media (min-width:75em){.c-hp-promo-container--top{-ms-flex-preferred-size:calc(66.66667% - 0px);flex-basis:calc(66.66667% - 0px);margin-bottom:16px;-webkit-box-ordinal-group:1;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0}}.c-hp-article-section--top{margin-bottom:16px}@media (min-width:42.75em){.c-hp-article-section--top{-ms-flex-preferred-size:calc(58.33333% - 0px);flex-basis:calc(58.33333% - 0px);margin-bottom:0;-webkit-box-ordinal-group:3;-ms-flex-order:2;order:2}}@media (min-width:75em){.c-hp-article-section--top{-ms-flex-preferred-size:calc(100% - 0px);flex-basis:calc(100% - 0px);-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-ordinal-group:3;-ms-flex-order:2;order:2}}.c-hp-featured-container{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;width:100%}@media (min-width:42.75em){.c-hp-featured-container{-ms-flex-preferred-size:calc(41.66667% - 16px);flex-basis:calc(41.66667% - 16px);-webkit-box-ordinal-group:4;-ms-flex-order:3;order:3}}@media (min-width:75em){.c-hp-featured-container{-ms-flex-preferred-size:calc(33.33333% - 16px);flex-basis:calc(33.33333% - 16px);margin-bottom:16px;-webkit-box-ordinal-group:2;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1}}.c-hp-featured-container .c-featured-item__hed{margin-bottom:0}.c-hp--upper-mid{-webkit-box-align:stretch;-ms-flex-align:stretch;align-items:stretch}.c-hp-promo-container--upper-mid{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;margin:0;position:relative}@media (min-width:42.75em){.c-hp-promo-container--upper-mid{-ms-flex-preferred-size:calc(50% - 16px);flex-basis:calc(50% - 16px);-webkit-box-ordinal-group:2;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1}}@media (min-width:49em){.c-hp-promo-container--upper-mid{margin-left:0;margin-right:16px;-webkit-box-ordinal-group:1;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0}}@media (min-width:42.75em){.c-hp-promo-container--upper-mid .c-promo--small{margin-bottom:0}}.c-hp-article-section--upper-mid{margin-bottom:0}@media (min-width:42.75em){.c-hp-article-section--upper-mid{-ms-flex-preferred-size:calc(50% - 0px);flex-basis:calc(50% - 0px)}}.c-hp--bottom{display:block}@media (min-width:49em){.c-hp--bottom{-webkit-box-align:start;-ms-flex-align:start;align-items:flex-start;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between}}@media (min-width:49em){.c-hp--bottom .c-ad-container{-webkit-box-ordinal-group:4;-ms-flex-order:3;order:3}}.c-hp-article-section--bottom{-webkit-box-align:start;-ms-flex-align:start;align-items:flex-start;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap}@media (min-width:49em){.c-hp-article-section--bottom{-ms-flex-preferred-size:calc(50% - 0px);flex-basis:calc(50% - 0px);-webkit-box-ordinal-group:1;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0}}@media (min-width:75em){.c-hp-article-section--bottom{-ms-flex-preferred-size:calc(33.33333% - 16px);flex-basis:calc(33.33333% - 16px);max-width:calc(33.33333% - 16px);-webkit-box-ordinal-group:2;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1}}.c-icon{margin-right:4px}.c-icon--writers{height:10px;width:10px}.c-icon--share{height:16px;width:16px}.c-icon--more{margin-right:0}.c-icon--author-article{height:10px;width:10px}.c-icon--author-header{height:16px;width:16px}.c-icon--close{height:10px;width:10px}@media (min-width:36em){.c-icon--close{height:16px;width:16px}}#icon-logo{fill:inherit}#icon-logo .top{fill:currentColor}#icon-wordmark{fill:inherit}#icon-wordmark .dark{fill:currentColor}#icon-wordmark .light{fill:var(--wordmark-light)}.c-landing-header{padding:40px;text-align:center}@media (min-width:49em){.c-landing-header{padding:48px}}.c-landing-header--navigator{padding-bottom:0}.c-landing-header--partner-solutions{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;padding:0 0 24px}@media (min-width:64em){.c-landing-header--partner-solutions{padding-bottom:48px}}.c-landing-header--partner-solutions .c-landing-header__title{margin-top:24px;-webkit-box-ordinal-group:2;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1}@media (min-width:64em){.c-landing-header--partner-solutions .c-landing-header__title{margin-top:48px}}.c-landing-header--partner-solutions .c-landing-header__sub{background:#005aff;color:#fff;font-family:Roboto,sans-serif;font-size:12px;-webkit-box-ordinal-group:1;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;padding:8px;text-transform:uppercase}.c-landing-header__title{font-size:40px;line-height:1}@media (min-width:36em){.c-landing-header__title{font-size:48px}}@media (min-width:64em){.c-landing-header__title{font-size:60px}}.c-landing-header__dek{font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:700;line-height:1.25;margin-top:16px}@media (min-width:64em){.c-landing-header__dek{font-size:20px;margin-top:24px}}.c-landing-header__sub{font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:700;line-height:1;padding:24px 8px;text-align:center}.c-lead-image{margin:0 auto 16px}@media (min-width:36em){.c-lead-image{margin-bottom:24px}}.c-lead-image__image{background-color:#b6b6b6;display:block;height:0;padding-bottom:42.66667%;position:relative}@media (min-width:36em){.c-lead-image__image{height:auto;padding-bottom:0}}.c-lead-image__img{left:0;position:absolute;top:0;height:100%;width:100%}@media (min-width:36em){.c-lead-image__img{position:relative}}.c-lead-image__credit{color:#777;font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;margin-top:4px}.c-lead-image__caption+.c-lead-image__attribution:before{content:" // "}.c-logo--footer{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;margin-top:64px}@media (min-width:36em){.c-logo--footer{margin-top:96px}}@media (min-width:36em){.c-logo--action-bar{display:none}}.c-logo__link{-webkit-box-align:start;-ms-flex-align:start;align-items:flex-start;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:34px;width:32px}.c-logo__icon{height:100%;width:auto}.c-logo__reference--footer{color:#fff;fill:#b6b6b6}.c-logo__reference--action-bar{color:#0ab961;fill:#0ab961}.c-masthead{border-top:1px solid #b6b6b6;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-preferred-size:100%;flex-basis:100%;padding:16px 0}@media (min-width:36em){.c-masthead{-ms-flex-preferred-size:calc(50% - 8px);flex-basis:calc(50% - 8px);margin-right:16px}.c-masthead:nth-child(2n){margin-right:0}}@media (min-width:49em){.c-masthead{-ms-flex-preferred-size:calc(33.33333% - 10.66667px);flex-basis:calc(33.33333% - 10.66667px)}.c-masthead:nth-child(2n){margin-right:16px}.c-masthead:nth-child(3n){margin-right:0}}.c-masthead--see-all{font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:20px;font-weight:700}.c-masthead__img{height:52px;margin-right:16px;width:52px}.c-masthead__title{display:block;font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10px;font-weight:700;line-height:1;margin-bottom:8px;text-transform:uppercase}.c-masthead__name{font-size:20px;margin-bottom:16px}.c-masthead__list{margin:0;padding:0;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10px;font-weight:700;list-style:none;text-transform:uppercase}.c-masthead__item:not(:first-child):before{content:"/";margin:0 8px}.c-masthead__link{color:#000;text-decoration:none;text-decoration:underline}.c-masthead__link:hover{color:#37ee67;text-decoration:underline}@supports ((-webkit-text-decoration:underline #37ee67) or (text-decoration:underline #37ee67)){.c-masthead__link:hover{color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:underline #37ee67;text-decoration:underline #37ee67}}.c-masthead__link--name{text-decoration:none}.c-meta__byline{display:inline-block;list-style-type:none;margin:0;padding:0}.c-meta__byline:not(:last-child){margin-right:8px}.c-meta__byline--related-content{display:block}.c-meta__author{display:inline}.c-meta__author>a{color:#000}.c-meta__author:not(:last-child) span:after{content:" / "}.c-most-popular{border-bottom:1px solid #b6b6b6;border-top:1px solid #b6b6b6;margin-bottom:24px;margin-top:64px;position:relative}.c-most-popular:after{background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,right top,from(hsla(0,0%,100%,0)),color-stop(90%,#fff));background-image:linear-gradient(90deg,hsla(0,0%,100%,0),#fff 90%);content:"";height:100%;pointer-events:none;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:20vw}@media (min-width:49em){.c-most-popular:after{content:normal}}@media (min-width:49em){.c-most-popular{border:1px solid #b6b6b6;-ms-flex-preferred-size:calc(50% - 16px);flex-basis:calc(50% - 16px);margin-top:0;-webkit-box-ordinal-group:2;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1}.c-most-popular:after{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cpattern id='a' patternUnits='userSpaceOnUse' width='6' height='5' patternTransform='rotate(45)'%3E%3Cpath stroke='%23b6b6b6' stroke-width='2' d='M0 0v5'/%3E%3C/pattern%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Crect width='100%25' height='100%25' fill='url(%23a)'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");content:"";height:16px;pointer-events:none;display:block;position:relative;width:100%}}@media (min-width:75em){.c-most-popular{-ms-flex-preferred-size:calc(33.33333% - 16px);flex-basis:calc(33.33333% - 16px);margin-right:16px;margin-top:0;max-width:calc(33.33333% - 16px);-webkit-box-ordinal-group:1;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0}}.c-most-popular__title{background-color:#fff;font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:20px;font-weight:700;line-height:1;left:0;padding-right:8px;position:absolute;top:0;-webkit-transform:translateY(-100%);transform:translateY(-100%)}@supports ((-webkit-transform:translateY(calc(-100% + 4px))) or (transform:translateY(calc(-100% + 4px)))){.c-most-popular__title{-webkit-transform:translateY(calc(-100% + 4px));transform:translateY(calc(-100% + 4px))}}.c-most-popular__title:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cpattern id='a' patternUnits='userSpaceOnUse' width='6' height='5' patternTransform='rotate(45)'%3E%3Cpath stroke='%23b6b6b6' stroke-width='2' d='M0 0v5'/%3E%3C/pattern%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Crect width='100%25' height='100%25' fill='url(%23a)'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");content:"";display:block;height:16px;pointer-events:none;margin-bottom:8px}@media (min-width:49em){.c-most-popular__title{left:50%;padding:0 4px;position:absolute;top:0;-webkit-transform:translateX(-50%) translateY(-50%);transform:translateX(-50%) translateY(-50%)}.c-most-popular__title:before{content:normal}}.c-most-popular__container{-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;-ms-overflow-style:-ms-autohiding-scrollbar;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;padding:16px 0;white-space:nowrap}.c-most-popular__container::-webkit-scrollbar,.c-most-popular__container::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb,.c-most-popular__container::-webkit-scrollbar-track{display:none}@media (min-width:49em){.c-most-popular__container{overflow:auto;padding:0;white-space:normal}}.c-most-popular__list{margin:0;padding:0;counter-reset:a;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;list-style:none}@media (min-width:49em){.c-most-popular__list{display:block}}.c-most-popular__item{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-preferred-size:256px;flex-basis:256px;max-width:256px;min-width:256px;padding:16px 16px 16px 0;white-space:normal}.c-most-popular__item:not(:last-child){border-right:1px dashed #b6b6b6;margin-right:16px}.c-most-popular__item:before{content:counter(a);counter-increment:a;font-family:Dala Floda Web,Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:36px;line-height:13px;padding-right:16px}@media (min-width:49em){.c-most-popular__item:before{display:block;font-size:48px;line-height:1;margin-bottom:8px;padding-right:0}}@media (min-width:49em){.c-most-popular__item{display:block;max-width:100%;padding:16px;text-align:center;width:100%}.c-most-popular__item:not(:last-child){border-bottom:1px dashed #b6b6b6;border-right:0;margin-right:0}}.c-most-popular__hed{font-family:Palatino,Palatino Linotype,Palatino LT STD,Book Antiqua,Georgia,serif;font-size:16px;margin-bottom:4px}.c-most-popular__link{color:#000;text-decoration:none}.c-most-popular__link:hover{color:#37ee67;text-decoration:underline}@supports ((-webkit-text-decoration:underline #37ee67) or (text-decoration:underline #37ee67)){.c-most-popular__link:hover{color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:underline #37ee67;text-decoration:underline #37ee67}}.c-native{-webkit-box-align:start;-ms-flex-align:start;align-items:flex-start;border:1px solid #005aff;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;font-family:Palatino,Palatino Linotype,Palatino LT STD,Book Antiqua,Georgia,serif;height:100%;-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;justify-content:flex-start;margin-bottom:16px;width:100%}.c-native:before{background-color:#005aff;color:#fff;content:"SPONSOR CONTENT";display:block;font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-weight:700;height:16px;letter-spacing:.8px;text-align:center;width:100%}.c-native__content{-webkit-box-align:start;-ms-flex-align:start;align-items:flex-start;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-preferred-size:calc(100% - 324px);flex-basis:calc(100% - 324px);-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;font-family:Roboto,sans-serif;font-size:12px;padding:8px;position:relative;text-align:left;width:100%}@media (min-width:36em){.c-native__content{padding-left:16px}}.c-native__media{-ms-flex-preferred-size:144px;flex-basis:144px;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;height:100%;margin:0;max-width:144px;padding-bottom:128px;position:relative}@media (min-width:49em){.c-native__media{-ms-flex-preferred-size:236px;flex-basis:236px;max-width:none;padding-bottom:148px}}@media (min-width:64em){.c-native__media{-ms-flex-preferred-size:300px;flex-basis:300px;padding-bottom:169px}}.c-native__advertiser,.c-native__dek,.c-native__title{margin:0;max-width:100%}.c-native__title{font-family:Roboto Slab,serif;font-size:20px;font-weight:700;line-height:1.125}@media (min-width:36em){.c-native__title{font-size:24px}}@media (min-width:75em){.c-native__title{font-size:32px}}.c-native__advertiser{margin-bottom:4px}.c-native__dek{display:none;line-height:1.5}@media (min-width:49em){.c-native__dek{display:block}}@media (min-width:64em){.c-native__dek{font-size:14px}}.c-native .c-native__image{height:100%;width:100%}.c-native__media-object{display:block;height:100%;position:absolute;width:100%}.c-native__link{max-width:100%;text-decoration:none}.c-native__link:hover{text-decoration:none}.s-native--hp-top{-webkit-box-ordinal-group:1;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0}@media (min-width:36em){.s-native--hp-top{-webkit-box-ordinal-group:2;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1}}@media (min-width:36em){.s-native--hp-top .c-native{margin-bottom:0}}@media (min-width:49em){.s-native--hp-top .c-native{display:block}}@media (min-width:36em){.s-native--hp-top .c-native__content{padding-left:8px}}@media (min-width:49em){.s-native--hp-top .c-native__content{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-ms-flex-preferred-size:calc(100% - 0px);flex-basis:calc(100% - 0px);padding:8px 16px;text-align:center}}@media (min-width:49em){.s-native--hp-top .c-native__content:after{height:40px;-webkit-transform:translateX(0);transform:translateX(0)}}@media (min-width:36em){.s-native--hp-top .c-native__title{font-size:16px}}@media (min-width:49em){.s-native--hp-top .c-native__dek,.s-native--hp-top .c-native__media{display:none}}@media (min-width:36em){.s-native--hp-mid-inside .c-native-container{display:none}}@media (min-width:49em){.s-native--hp-mid-inside .c-native-container{display:block}}.s-native--hp-mid-inside .c-native{margin-bottom:0}@media (min-width:49em){.s-native--hp-mid-inside .c-native{-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:reverse;-ms-flex-direction:row-reverse;flex-direction:row-reverse}}@media (min-width:36em){.s-native--hp-mid-inside .c-native__content{padding-left:8px}}@media (min-width:49em){.s-native--hp-mid-inside .c-native__content{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;text-align:center}}@media (min-width:49em){.s-native--hp-mid-inside .c-native__content:after{left:100%;-webkit-transform:translateX(0);transform:translateX(0)}}@media (min-width:49em){.s-native--hp-mid-inside .c-native__media{-ms-flex-preferred-size:128px;flex-basis:128px;margin-right:0;padding-bottom:112px}}@media (min-width:64em){.s-native--hp-mid-inside .c-native__media{-ms-flex-preferred-size:144px;flex-basis:144px;min-width:144px;padding-bottom:128px}}@media (min-width:75em){@supports ((-o-object-fit:cover) or (object-fit:cover)){.s-native--hp-mid-inside .c-native__media{-ms-flex-preferred-size:192px;flex-basis:192px;max-width:none}}}@media (min-width:49em){.s-native--hp-mid-inside .c-native__title{font-size:18px}}.s-native--hp-mid-inside .c-native__dek{display:none}.s-native--hp-mid-outside .c-native-container{display:none}@media (min-width:36em){.s-native--hp-mid-outside .c-native-container{display:block}}@media (min-width:49em){.s-native--hp-mid-outside .c-native-container{display:none}}.s-native--hp-bottom .c-native-container{display:none}@media (min-width:36em){.s-native--hp-bottom .c-native-container{display:block}}.s-native--landing .c-native{margin:16px 0}@media (min-width:75em){.s-native--article .c-native__title{font-size:24px}}.c-nav{font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:1px;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase}.c-nav--header{border-top:1px solid #b6b6b6;margin-top:8px;-webkit-box-ordinal-group:2;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;padding-top:8px;position:relative;width:100%}.c-nav--header:after{background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,right top,from(hsla(0,0%,100%,0)),color-stop(90%,#fff));background-image:linear-gradient(90deg,hsla(0,0%,100%,0),#fff 90%);content:"";height:100%;pointer-events:none;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:80px}@media (min-width:36em){.c-nav--header:after{content:normal}}@media (min-width:36em){.c-nav--header{border-top:none;margin-top:0;padding-right:16px;padding-top:0;width:auto}}@media (min-width:64em){.c-nav--header{-webkit-box-ordinal-group:1;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;padding-left:16px}}.c-nav--footer{font-size:12px;margin-top:64px}@media (min-width:36em){.c-nav--footer{margin-top:96px}}@media (min-width:49em){.c-nav--footer{font-size:14px}}.c-nav--navigator{padding:0 40px 40px}@media (min-width:49em){.c-nav--navigator{padding:0 48px 48px}}.c-nav__container--header{-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;-ms-overflow-style:-ms-autohiding-scrollbar;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;white-space:nowrap}.c-nav__container--header::-webkit-scrollbar,.c-nav__container--header::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb,.c-nav__container--header::-webkit-scrollbar-track{display:none}.c-nav__container--footer{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:180px;margin:0 auto;max-width:320px}@media (min-width:36em){.c-nav__container--footer{max-width:none}}.c-nav__list{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none}.c-nav__list--header{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;padding-right:40px}@media (min-width:36em){.c-nav__list--header{padding-right:0}}.c-nav__list--footer{-ms-flex-line-pack:distribute;align-content:space-around;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;width:100%}@media (min-width:36em){.c-nav__list--footer:after,.c-nav__list--footer:before{content:"";-webkit-box-ordinal-group:2;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;width:100%}}.c-nav__list--navigator{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center}.c-nav__item:not(:last-child):after{color:#b6b6b6;content:"/";padding:0 8px}.c-nav__item--footer:not(:last-child):after{padding:0 16px}@media (min-width:36em){.c-nav__item--footer:not(:last-child):after{padding:0 24px}}@media (min-width:49em){.c-nav__item--footer:not(:last-child):after{padding:0 40px}}@media (min-width:55.25em) and (max-width:64em){.c-nav__item--footer:not(:last-child):after{padding:0 16px}}.c-nav__item--footer:nth-child(3n):after{content:normal}@media (min-width:36em){.c-nav__item--footer:nth-child(3n):after{content:"/"}}@media (min-width:36em){.c-nav__item--footer:nth-child(4n):after{content:normal}}@media (min-width:36em){.c-nav__item--footer:nth-child(n+5){-webkit-box-ordinal-group:2;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1}}@media (min-width:36em){.c-nav__item--footer:nth-child(n+9){-webkit-box-ordinal-group:3;-ms-flex-order:2;order:2}}.c-nav__link{border-bottom:1px solid transparent;padding-bottom:4px;text-decoration:none}.c-nav__link:hover{text-decoration:none}.c-nav__link--header{border-color:#37ee67;display:inline-block}.c-nav__link--header:hover{color:#37ee67}.c-nav__link--footer{color:#fff}.c-nav__link--footer:hover{border-color:#37ee67;color:#fff}.c-nav__link--navigator{border-color:#37ee67;display:inline-block}.c-nav__link--navigator:hover{color:#37ee67}.c-newsletter{border-bottom:1px solid #b6b6b6;border-top:1px solid #b6b6b6;margin-bottom:24px;-webkit-box-ordinal-group:4;-ms-flex-order:3;order:3;padding:24px 0;position:relative;width:calc(100% - 0px)}.c-newsletter--cta{margin-top:64px}@media (min-width:49em){.c-newsletter--homepage{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}}.c-newsletter--footer{border:0;margin:40px auto 0;max-width:600px;padding:0}@media (min-width:36em){.c-newsletter--footer{margin-top:96px}}.c-newsletter__title{background-color:#fff;font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:20px;font-weight:700;line-height:1;left:0;padding-right:8px;position:absolute;top:0;-webkit-transform:translateY(-100%);transform:translateY(-100%)}@supports ((-webkit-transform:translateY(calc(-100% + 4px))) or (transform:translateY(calc(-100% + 4px)))){.c-newsletter__title{-webkit-transform:translateY(calc(-100% + 4px));transform:translateY(calc(-100% + 4px))}}.c-newsletter__title:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cpattern id='a' patternUnits='userSpaceOnUse' width='6' height='5' patternTransform='rotate(45)'%3E%3Cpath stroke='%23b6b6b6' stroke-width='2' d='M0 0v5'/%3E%3C/pattern%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Crect width='100%25' height='100%25' fill='url(%23a)'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");content:"";display:block;height:16px;pointer-events:none;margin-bottom:8px}.c-newsletter__cta{display:block;line-height:1.25;margin:0 0 16px}@media (min-width:49em){.c-newsletter__cta--homepage{-ms-flex-preferred-size:calc(41.66667% - 0px);flex-basis:calc(41.66667% - 0px);margin:0 16px 0 0}}@media (min-width:64em){.c-newsletter__cta--homepage{-ms-flex-preferred-size:calc(50% - 0px);flex-basis:calc(50% - 0px)}}.c-newsletter__cta--footer{color:#fff;font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:1px;line-height:1;margin-bottom:32px;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase}.c-newsletter__secondary-cta{color:#fff;font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:700;margin:32px 0 0;text-align:center}.c-newsletter__secondary-cta a{color:#fff}.c-newsletter__form{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:relative}@media (min-width:49em){.c-newsletter__form--homepage{-ms-flex-preferred-size:calc(58.33333% - 0px);flex-basis:calc(58.33333% - 0px);-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0}}@media (min-width:64em){.c-newsletter__form--homepage{-ms-flex-preferred-size:calc(50% - 0px);flex-basis:calc(50% - 0px)}}.c-newsletter__field{-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;border:1px solid #000;border-radius:0;color:#000;font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:1px;padding:8px}.c-newsletter__field:-moz-placeholder{color:#b6b6b6;text-transform:uppercase}.c-newsletter__field::-moz-placeholder{color:#b6b6b6;text-transform:uppercase}.c-newsletter__field:-ms-input-placeholder{color:#b6b6b6;text-transform:uppercase}.c-newsletter__field::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:#b6b6b6;text-transform:uppercase}.c-newsletter__field--email{-ms-flex-preferred-size:100%;flex-basis:100%;margin-right:4px}@media (min-width:36em){.c-newsletter__field--email{margin-right:8px}}.c-newsletter__field--footer{background-color:#000;border:none;border-bottom:1px solid #b6b6b6;color:#fff;padding-bottom:0}.c-newsletter__field--footer:-moz-placeholder{color:#fff}.c-newsletter__field--footer::-moz-placeholder{color:#fff}.c-newsletter__field--footer:-ms-input-placeholder{color:#fff}.c-newsletter__field--footer::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:#fff}.c-newsletter__alert{font-size:12px;left:0;padding:8px;position:absolute;top:100%;z-index:1}.c-newsletter__alert--success{background-color:#d4ffd4}.c-newsletter__alert--error{background-color:#ffd6db}.c-newsletter__static-form{margin-bottom:24px;padding:0 24px}.c-newsletter__static-form .c-newsletter__alert{position:inherit}.c-newsletter__static-form fieldset{border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #000;margin:16px 0 0;padding:0}.c-newsletter__static-form fieldset:last-of-type{border-bottom:none}.c-newsletter__static-checkbox-group input{float:right}.c-newsletter__static-checkbox-group label{font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:32px;font-weight:700;line-height:1}.c-newsletter__static-checkbox-group p{margin:0 0 15px}.c-newsletter__static-email-input{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin:10px 0}.c-newsletter__static-email-input .c-newsletter__field--email{margin-right:4px}.c-newsletter--promo{background-color:#ececec;border:0;font-size:18px;margin-top:0;padding:24px;position:static}@media (min-width:36em){.c-newsletter--promo{font-size:20px}}.c-newsletter--promo .c-newsletter__title{background-color:transparent;position:static;-webkit-transform:none;transform:none}.c-newsletter--promo .c-newsletter__title:before{background-image:none;height:0;margin-bottom:0}.c-newsletter--promo .c-newsletter__title b{color:#24b361;font-weight:700}.c-newsletter__cta--promo{font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif}.c-newsletter__cta--promo b{color:#24b361;font-weight:700}.c-newsletter__form--promo{-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap}@media (min-width:36em){.c-newsletter__form--promo{-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap}}.c-newsletter__field--promo{-ms-flex-preferred-size:calc(100% - 0px);flex-basis:calc(100% - 0px);font-size:16px;margin-bottom:8px;margin-right:0}@media (min-width:36em){.c-newsletter__field--promo{-ms-flex-preferred-size:calc(75% - 0px);flex-basis:calc(75% - 0px);font-size:18px;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:8px}}.c-newsletter__submit--promo{-ms-flex-preferred-size:calc(100% - 0px);flex-basis:calc(100% - 0px);font-size:16px}@media (min-width:36em){.c-newsletter__submit--promo{-ms-flex-preferred-size:calc(25% - 0px);flex-basis:calc(25% - 0px);font-size:18px}}.c-notification{background-color:#ff0;font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-weight:700;padding:8px;-webkit-transition:opacity 1s;transition:opacity 1s}@media (min-width:36em){.c-notification{font-size:16px;padding:16px}}.c-notification__container{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin:0 auto;max-width:940px}.c-notification__content{-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;margin:0}.c-notification__title{display:block;text-transform:uppercase}.c-notification__description{margin:0}.c-notification__close{background-color:transparent;border:0;cursor:pointer;height:10px;margin-left:8px;padding:0;width:10px}@media (min-width:36em){.c-notification__close{height:16px;margin-left:16px;width:16px}}.c-pagination{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 auto 32px;max-width:624px}@media (min-width:36em){.c-pagination{-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap}}.c-presented-by--with-rule{-webkit-box-align:start;-ms-flex-align:start;align-items:flex-start;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between}@media (min-width:36em){.c-presented-by--with-rule{position:relative}}.c-presented-by__content{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column}.c-presented-by__content--article-logo.child-loaded{border-bottom:1px solid #b6b6b6;border-top:1px solid #b6b6b6;-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;margin-bottom:24px;padding:24px 0}@media (min-width:36em){.c-presented-by__content--article-logo.child-loaded{-webkit-box-pack:left;-ms-flex-pack:left;justify-content:left}}.c-presented-by__content--landing.child-loaded{margin-top:16px}.c-presented-by__content.child-loaded:before{color:#b6b6b6;content:attr(data-label);font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:1px;margin-bottom:4px;text-transform:uppercase}.c-presented-by__content--article-logo.child-loaded:before{color:#000;font-size:16px;line-height:1.25;margin:0 8px 0 0}@media (min-width:36em){.c-presented-by__content--article-logo.child-loaded:before{font-size:18px;line-height:1.125}}.c-presented-by__rule{border:0;border-top:1px solid #b6b6b6;margin:10px 8px 0 0;width:100%}.c-presented-by__rule:after{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cpattern id='a' patternUnits='userSpaceOnUse' width='6' height='5' patternTransform='rotate(45)'%3E%3Cpath stroke='%23b6b6b6' stroke-width='2' d='M0 0v5'/%3E%3C/pattern%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Crect width='100%25' height='100%25' fill='url(%23a)'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");content:"";display:block;height:16px;pointer-events:none;width:72px}@media (min-width:36em){.c-presented-by__rule{margin-top:0}}@media (min-width:75em){.c-presented-by__rule{margin-right:0}}.c-presented-by__content--with-rule{-webkit-box-align:start;-ms-flex-align:start;align-items:flex-start;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-preferred-size:0%;flex-basis:0%;-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-negative:1;flex-shrink:1;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap}@media (min-width:36em){.c-presented-by__content--with-rule{background-color:#fff;padding-left:8px;position:absolute;right:0;top:50%;-webkit-transform:translateY(calc(-50% - 4px));transform:translateY(calc(-50% - 4px));width:92px}}@media (min-width:75em){.c-presented-by__content--with-rule{right:-92px}}.c-tmp-share-sponsored-container{-webkit-box-align:start;-ms-flex-align:start;align-items:flex-start;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-bottom:24px;margin-top:24px}@media (min-width:36em){.c-tmp-share-sponsored-container{-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap}}.c-tmp-share-sponsored-container .c-share:not(.c-share--action-bar){margin-right:8px}.c-tmp-share-sponsored-container .c-presented-by{-ms-flex-preferred-size:100%;flex-basis:100%}.c-promo{margin-bottom:16px;position:relative}.c-promo:after{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cpattern id='a' patternUnits='userSpaceOnUse' width='6' height='5' patternTransform='rotate(45)'%3E%3Cpath stroke='%23b6b6b6' stroke-width='2' d='M0 0v5'/%3E%3C/pattern%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Crect width='100%25' height='100%25' fill='url(%23a)'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");content:"";display:block;height:16px;pointer-events:none;bottom:0;margin:0 auto;position:absolute;width:100%}.c-promo--landing{margin-bottom:32px}@media (min-width:49em){.c-promo--landing{margin-bottom:64px}}.c-promo--partner-solutions{border:1px solid #005aff;margin-bottom:0}.c-promo--partner-solutions:after{content:none}.c-promo--partner-solutions .c-promo__content{border:0;border-top:1px solid #005aff;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column}.c-promo--partner-solutions .c-promo__content>*{max-width:100%}.c-promo--partner-solutions .c-promo__channel{-webkit-box-ordinal-group:4;-ms-flex-order:3;order:3;position:static;-webkit-transform:none;transform:none}.c-promo--partner-solutions .c-promo__hed{font-family:Roboto Slab,serif;-webkit-box-ordinal-group:2;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1}.c-promo--partner-solutions .c-promo__link--hed:hover{color:#000;text-decoration:underline}.c-promo--partner-solutions .c-promo__dek{font-family:Roboto,sans-serif;-webkit-box-ordinal-group:3;-ms-flex-order:2;order:2}.c-promo__content{border:1px solid #b6b6b6;border-top:0;padding:24px 48px 32px;position:relative}.c-promo__channel{left:0;position:absolute;right:0;text-align:center;top:0;-webkit-transform:translateY(-50%);transform:translateY(-50%)}.c-promo__image{background-color:#f3f3f3;overflow:hidden;padding-bottom:61.93548%;position:relative}.c-promo__img{height:auto;width:100%}.c-promo__dek{display:none;font-size:20px;line-height:1.25;text-align:center}@media (min-width:55.25em){.c-promo__dek{display:block}}.c-promo__hed{font-size:24px;margin-bottom:8px;max-width:100%;text-align:center}@media (min-width:36em){.c-promo__hed{font-size:36px}}.c-promo__link--hed{color:#000;text-decoration:none}.c-promo__link--hed:hover{color:#37ee67;text-decoration:underline}@supports ((-webkit-text-decoration:underline #37ee67) or (text-decoration:underline #37ee67)){.c-promo__link--hed:hover{color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:underline #37ee67;text-decoration:underline #37ee67}}.c-promo--small{margin-bottom:24px}@media (min-width:36em){.c-promo--small .c-promo__content{font-size:24px}}.c-promo--small .c-promo__content .c-promo__hed{font-size:inherit}.c-promo--small .c-promo__content .c-promo__dek{display:none}.c-promo__img-link{height:100%;position:absolute;width:100%}.c-river-heading--partner-solutions{border-bottom:1px solid #005aff;color:#005aff;font-family:Roboto,sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:1;margin:0 0 16px;padding:24px 0;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase}@media (min-width:64em){.c-river-heading--partner-solutions{margin-bottom:32px;padding:32px 0}}.c-river-item{margin-bottom:16px}.c-river-item--homepage .c-byline{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;justify-content:flex-start}@media (min-width:36em){.c-river-item--homepage .c-byline__link{color:#fff}}.c-river-item--homepage .c-byline__time{margin-left:8px}@media (min-width:36em){.c-river-item--homepage{background-color:#000;color:#fff}}.c-river-item--sponsored{border:1px solid #005aff}.c-river-item--partner-solutions{border-bottom:1px solid #005aff;margin-bottom:16px;padding-bottom:16px}@media (min-width:64em){.c-river-item--partner-solutions{margin-bottom:32px;padding-bottom:32px}}.c-river-item--partner-solutions .c-river-item__link--kicker{background:none;color:#000;display:block;font-family:Roboto,sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:1;margin-bottom:8px;padding:0;text-transform:none}@media (min-width:64em){.c-river-item--partner-solutions .c-river-item__link--kicker{font-size:14px}}.c-river-item--partner-solutions .c-river-item__link:hover{color:#000;text-decoration:underline}.c-river-item__label{display:block;font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-weight:700;line-height:1;padding:4px;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase}.c-river-item__label--sponsored{background-color:#005aff;color:#fff}.c-river-item__wrapper{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}.c-river-item__content{margin-left:8px}@media (min-width:64em){.c-river-item__content{margin-left:16px;width:calc(100% - 316px)}}.c-river-item__content--homepage{padding:8px 8px 8px 0}.c-river-item__content--sponsored{padding:16px 16px 16px 0;position:relative}.c-river-item__content--sponsored:before{background-image:repeating-linear-gradient(135deg,#005aff,#005aff 1px,transparent 2px,transparent 6px);content:"";display:block;width:16px;height:40px;left:0;position:absolute;top:16px;-webkit-transform:translateX(calc(-100% - 8px));transform:translateX(calc(-100% - 8px))}@media (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:2),(min--moz-device-pixel-ratio:2),(min-resolution:2dppx),(min-resolution:192dpi){.c-river-item__content--sponsored:before{background-image:repeating-linear-gradient(135deg,#005aff,#005aff 1px,transparent 2px,transparent 6px)}}.c-river-item__link{color:#000;text-decoration:none}.c-river-item__link:hover{color:#37ee67;text-decoration:underline}@supports ((-webkit-text-decoration:underline #37ee67) or (text-decoration:underline #37ee67)){.c-river-item__link:hover{color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:underline #37ee67;text-decoration:underline #37ee67}}.c-river-item__link--kicker{background-color:#000;color:#fff;display:inline-block;font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10px;line-height:1;padding:2px 4px 0;text-decoration:none;text-transform:uppercase;vertical-align:top}.c-river-item__link--kicker:hover{color:#fff;text-decoration:underline}@media (min-width:36em){.c-river-item__link--homepage{color:#fff}}.c-river-item__hed{background-color:#fff;font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:20px;font-weight:700;line-height:1;background-color:transparent;margin-bottom:4px}@media (min-width:49em){.c-river-item__hed{font-size:28px}}@media (min-width:49em){.c-river-item__hed--homepage{font-size:24px}}.c-river-item__hed--partner-solutions{font-family:Roboto Slab,serif;font-size:16px;line-height:1.25}@media (min-width:36em){.c-river-item__hed--partner-solutions{font-size:24px}}@media (min-width:64em){.c-river-item__hed--partner-solutions{font-size:32px}}.c-river-item__dek{display:none;line-height:1.25;margin:0 0 4px}@media (min-width:49em){.c-river-item__dek{display:block}}.c-river-item__dek--homepage,.c-river-item__dek--partner-solutions{display:none}.c-river-item__img{width:144px}@media (min-width:64em){.c-river-item__img{width:300px}}.c-river-item__picture{display:block;height:144px}@media (min-width:64em){.c-river-item__picture{height:185px}}.c-search{border-bottom:1px solid #000;margin:24px 0;padding-bottom:8px}@media (min-width:64em){.c-search{margin:48px 0}}.c-search__icon{width:16px}@media (min-width:64em){.c-search__icon{width:24px}}.c-search__submit{background:#fff;border:none;cursor:pointer;padding:4px 0}.c-search__input{-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;border:none;color:#000;font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:24px;font-weight:700;padding-left:8px;width:calc(100% - 48px)}.c-search__input:-moz-placeholder{color:#b6b6b6}.c-search__input::-moz-placeholder{color:#b6b6b6}.c-search__input:-ms-input-placeholder{color:#b6b6b6}.c-search__input::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:#b6b6b6}@media (min-width:36em){.c-search__input{font-size:28px}}@media (min-width:64em){.c-search__input{font-size:32px}}.c-search-nav{-ms-flex-preferred-size:16px;flex-basis:16px;-webkit-box-ordinal-group:1;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0}@media (min-width:36em){.c-search-nav{-webkit-box-ordinal-group:2;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1}}.c-search-nav__link{fill:inherit;-webkit-box-align:start;-ms-flex-align:start;align-items:flex-start;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}.c-search-nav__link:hover{fill:#37ee67}.c-search-nav__icon{height:16px;width:16px}.c-share{margin-bottom:16px}@media (min-width:36em){.c-share{margin-bottom:0}}.c-share--action-bar{margin-bottom:0}@media (min-width:36em){.c-share--action-bar{margin-left:16px}}.c-share__list{margin:0;padding:0;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;list-style:none}.c-share__item:not(:last-child){margin-right:8px}.c-share__item--more{position:relative}.c-more{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #b6b6b6;border-radius:2px;display:none;font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:700;left:50%;line-height:1;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:16px;position:absolute;top:0;-webkit-transform:translateX(-50%) translateY(calc(50% - 4px));transform:translateX(-50%) translateY(calc(50% - 4px));z-index:10000}.c-more:before{background-color:#fff;border-left:1px solid #b6b6b6;border-top:1px solid #b6b6b6;content:"";height:10px;left:50%;position:absolute;top:-2px;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg) translateX(-50%);transform:rotate(45deg) translateX(-50%);width:10px}.c-more.is-active{display:block}.c-more__item:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:8px}.c-more__link{color:#000;text-decoration:none;display:block}.c-more__link:hover{color:#37ee67;text-decoration:underline}@supports ((-webkit-text-decoration:underline #37ee67) or (text-decoration:underline #37ee67)){.c-more__link:hover{color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:underline #37ee67;text-decoration:underline #37ee67}}.c-skip-link{display:none}@media (min-width:36em){.c-skip-link{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;background-color:#fff;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;font-size:12px;font-weight:700;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase;z-index:1}.c-skip-link:active,.c-skip-link:focus{clip:auto;height:auto;margin:0;overflow:visible;position:static;width:auto}.c-skip-link:active,.c-skip-link:focus{height:100%;position:absolute;width:100%}}.c-social{border-bottom:1px solid #b6b6b6;border-top:1px solid #b6b6b6;-ms-flex-preferred-size:calc(100% - 0px);flex-basis:calc(100% - 0px);margin-bottom:24px;padding:24px 0}.c-social--footer{border:0;margin:64px 0 0;padding:0}@media (min-width:36em){.c-social--footer{margin-top:96px}}.c-social__cta{line-height:1.25;margin:0 0 16px;text-align:center}.c-social__list{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;margin:0 auto;padding:0;width:161px}@media (min-width:36em){.c-social__list{width:267px}}.c-social__item{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}.c-social__link{fill:inherit;-webkit-box-align:start;-ms-flex-align:start;align-items:flex-start;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:16px;width:16px}.c-social__link:hover{fill:#37ee67}.c-social__link--footer{fill:#fff}.c-social__icon{width:100%}.c-solutions{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:700;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;line-height:1.5;list-style-type:none;margin-bottom:48px;padding:0}.c-solutions:after{width:80%;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cpattern id='a' patternUnits='userSpaceOnUse' width='6' height='5' patternTransform='rotate(45)'%3E%3Cpath stroke='%23b6b6b6' stroke-width='2' d='M0 0v5'/%3E%3C/pattern%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Crect width='100%25' height='100%25' fill='url(%23a)'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");content:"";display:block;height:16px;pointer-events:none}@media (max-width:35.9375em){.c-solutions{-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;justify-content:flex-start;overflow-x:scroll;overflow-y:hidden}.c-solutions:after{background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,right top,from(hsla(0,0%,59%,0)),color-stop(90%,#fff));background-image:linear-gradient(90deg,hsla(0,0%,59%,0),#fff 90%);content:"";height:115px;pointer-events:none;position:absolute;right:0;width:80px}}.c-solutions__item{background-size:cover;-ms-flex-preferred-size:24.5%;flex-basis:24.5%;height:115px;margin:1px;max-width:230px;min-width:115px}@media (max-width:35.9375em){.c-solutions__item{font-size:24px;min-width:230px}}@media (min-width:36em){.c-solutions__item{font-size:18px}}@media (min-width:64em){.c-solutions__item{font-size:24px}}.c-solutions__item a{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;background:rgba(0,0,0,.3);color:#fff;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:100%;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;text-align:center;text-decoration:none;text-transform:uppercase;width:100%}.c-solutions__item a:hover{background:rgba(0,225,50,.4);color:#fff}.c-tag{background-color:#000;color:#fff;font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:700;line-height:1;padding:4px 8px;text-decoration:none;text-transform:uppercase}.c-tag:hover{color:#fff;text-decoration:underline}.c-tag__perspective{font-size:14px;padding-top:6px}@media (min-width:36em){.c-tag__perspective{font-size:16px}}@media (min-width:49em){.c-tag__perspective{font-size:18px}}.c-wordmark--header{-ms-flex-preferred-size:calc(100% - 16px);flex-basis:calc(100% - 16px);-webkit-box-ordinal-group:1;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;position:relative}@media (min-width:36em){.c-wordmark--header{border-bottom:1px solid #b6b6b6;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-preferred-size:100%;flex-basis:100%;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;margin:0 0 16px;padding-bottom:16px}}@media (min-width:64em){.c-wordmark--header{border-bottom:none;-ms-flex-preferred-size:auto;flex-basis:auto;-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;justify-content:flex-start;margin:0 auto 0 0;padding:0 0 48px;position:relative}.c-wordmark--header:after{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cpattern id='a' patternUnits='userSpaceOnUse' width='6' height='5' patternTransform='rotate(45)'%3E%3Cpath stroke='%23b6b6b6' stroke-width='2' d='M0 0v5'/%3E%3C/pattern%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Crect width='100%25' height='100%25' fill='url(%23a)'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");content:"";display:block;height:16px;pointer-events:none;bottom:0;left:0;position:absolute;width:100%}}.c-wordmark--action-bar{display:none}@media (min-width:36em){.c-wordmark--action-bar{display:block}}.c-wordmark__link{-webkit-box-align:start;-ms-flex-align:start;align-items:flex-start;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}.c-wordmark__icon{--wordmark-light:$light;color:#0e9c54;fill:#0ab961;height:21px;width:122px}@media (min-width:36em){.c-wordmark__icon{height:32px;width:190px}}@media (min-width:64em){.c-wordmark__icon--header{max-width:100%}}.c-wordmark__icon--action-bar{width:122px}.c-writers{border-bottom:1px solid #b6b6b6;border-top:1px solid #b6b6b6;margin-bottom:24px;margin-top:64px;position:relative}.c-writers:after{background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,right top,from(hsla(0,0%,100%,0)),color-stop(90%,#fff));background-image:linear-gradient(90deg,hsla(0,0%,100%,0),#fff 90%);content:"";height:100%;pointer-events:none;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:20vw}@media (min-width:49em){.c-writers:after{content:normal}}@media (min-width:49em){.c-writers{-ms-flex-preferred-size:calc(100% - 0px);flex-basis:calc(100% - 0px);margin-top:40px;max-width:calc(100% - 0px);-webkit-box-ordinal-group:3;-ms-flex-order:2;order:2}}@media (min-width:75em){.c-writers{border:1px solid #b6b6b6;-ms-flex-preferred-size:calc(33.33333% - 16px);flex-basis:calc(33.33333% - 16px);margin-left:16px;margin-top:0;max-width:calc(33.33333% - 16px)}.c-writers:after{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cpattern id='a' patternUnits='userSpaceOnUse' width='6' height='5' patternTransform='rotate(45)'%3E%3Cpath stroke='%23b6b6b6' stroke-width='2' d='M0 0v5'/%3E%3C/pattern%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Crect width='100%25' height='100%25' fill='url(%23a)'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");content:"";height:16px;pointer-events:none;display:block;position:relative;width:100%}}.c-writers__title{background-color:#fff;font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:20px;font-weight:700;line-height:1;left:0;padding-right:8px;position:absolute;top:0;-webkit-transform:translateY(-100%);transform:translateY(-100%)}@supports ((-webkit-transform:translateY(calc(-100% + 4px))) or (transform:translateY(calc(-100% + 4px)))){.c-writers__title{-webkit-transform:translateY(calc(-100% + 4px));transform:translateY(calc(-100% + 4px))}}.c-writers__title:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cpattern id='a' patternUnits='userSpaceOnUse' width='6' height='5' patternTransform='rotate(45)'%3E%3Cpath stroke='%23b6b6b6' stroke-width='2' d='M0 0v5'/%3E%3C/pattern%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Crect width='100%25' height='100%25' fill='url(%23a)'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");content:"";display:block;height:16px;pointer-events:none;margin-bottom:8px}@media (min-width:75em){.c-writers__title{left:50%;padding:0 4px;position:absolute;top:0;-webkit-transform:translateX(-50%) translateY(-50%);transform:translateX(-50%) translateY(-50%)}.c-writers__title:before{content:normal}}.c-writers__container{-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;-ms-overflow-style:-ms-autohiding-scrollbar;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;padding:16px 0;white-space:nowrap}.c-writers__container::-webkit-scrollbar,.c-writers__container::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb,.c-writers__container::-webkit-scrollbar-track{display:none}@media (min-width:49em){.c-writers__container{overflow:auto;padding:0;white-space:normal}}.c-writers__list{margin:0;padding:0;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;list-style:none}@media (min-width:49em){.c-writers__list{-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap}}.c-writer{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-preferred-size:256px;flex-basis:256px;max-width:256px;min-width:256px;padding:16px 16px 16px 0;white-space:normal}.c-writer:not(:last-child){border-right:1px dashed #b6b6b6;margin-right:16px}@media (min-width:49em){.c-writer:not(:last-child){margin-right:0}}@media (min-width:75em){.c-writer:not(:last-child){border-bottom:1px dashed #b6b6b6;border-right:0}}@media (min-width:49em){.c-writer:nth-child(-n+3){border-bottom:1px solid #b6b6b6}}@media (min-width:75em){.c-writer:nth-child(-n+3){border-bottom-style:dashed}}@media (min-width:49em){.c-writer:nth-child(3n){border-right:0}}@media (min-width:49em){.c-writer{-ms-flex-preferred-size:33.33333%;flex-basis:33.33333%;max-width:33.33333%;min-width:auto;padding:16px;width:auto}}@media (min-width:55.25em) and (max-width:64em){.c-writer{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;text-align:center}.c-writer .c-writer__link--twitter{-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center}.c-writer .c-writer__img{margin-right:0}}@media (min-width:75em){.c-writer{-ms-flex-preferred-size:auto;flex-basis:auto;max-width:100%;width:100%}}.c-writer--see-all{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:20px;font-weight:700;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center}.c-writer__img{height:52px;margin-bottom:16px;margin-right:16px;width:52px}.c-writer__content{-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;max-width:100%}.c-writer__name{font-size:20px;margin-bottom:16px}.c-writer__link{color:#000;text-decoration:none}.c-writer__link:hover{color:#37ee67;text-decoration:underline}@supports ((-webkit-text-decoration:underline #37ee67) or (text-decoration:underline #37ee67)){.c-writer__link:hover{color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:underline #37ee67;text-decoration:underline #37ee67}}.c-writer__link--twitter{fill:inherit;-webkit-box-align:start;-ms-flex-align:start;align-items:flex-start;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:1px;line-height:1;margin-bottom:16px;text-decoration:underline;text-transform:uppercase}.c-writer__link--twitter:hover{fill:#37ee67}.c-writer__article-hed{font-family:Palatino,Palatino Linotype,Palatino LT STD,Book Antiqua,Georgia,serif;font-size:12px;font-weight:400;line-height:1.25}@media (min-width:55.25em){.c-writer__article-hed{font-size:16px}}.u-hidden{display:none!important}.u-lazy{-webkit-transition:all 1s;transition:all 1s}.lazyload{-webkit-filter:blur(4px);filter:blur(4px);opacity:0;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02)}.no-js .lazyload{-webkit-filter:none;filter:none;opacity:1;-webkit-transform:none;transform:none}.lazyloaded{-webkit-filter:none;filter:none;opacity:1;-webkit-transform:scale(1);transform:scale(1)}@supports ((-o-object-fit:cover) or (object-fit:cover)){.u-object-cover{-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover}}@media print{@page{margin:1cm}h3{page-break-before:always}figure,img,ol,p,table,ul{page-break-inside:avoid}.c-about{color:#000;margin-top:24px}.c-logo--footer{margin-top:24px}.c-logo__reference--footer{color:initial;fill:initial}.c-wordmark--header{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column}.c-wordmark--header:after{content:"www.citylab.com";font-family:PFDINTextCondPro,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:700;margin:4px}.l-content__inner{margin:0}.l-footer{background-color:#fff;padding-bottom:24px}.l-header:after{border:1px solid #bbb;content:"Thank you for printing content from www.citylab.com. If you enjoy this piece, then please check back soon for our latest in urban-centric journalism.";display:block;font-style:italic;margin-bottom:8px;padding:8px}.o-small-container{max-width:none;width:100%}.s-cms-content .c-article-links{display:block}.s-cms-content .c-print-superscript{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;margin:1px}.c-action-bar,.c-ad,.c-article-most-popular,.c-ballyhoos,.c-disqus,.c-nav,.c-newsletter,.c-presented-by,.c-search-nav,.c-share,.c-social,.l-sponsored,.lazyload,.lazyloading,.s-outbrain{display:none}}
        ]]>
        </style>
        <script src="https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/frontend/dist/citylab/js/polyfill.c71e135c0fd0.js" nomodule=""></script>
        <script>
        <![CDATA[
        document.documentElement.className=document.documentElement.className.replace(/(^|\s)no-js(\s|$)/,"$1js$2")
        ]]>
        </script>
        <script>
        <![CDATA[
        "performance"in window&&"mark"in window.performance||(performance.mark=function(){})
        ]]>
        </script>
        <script>
        <![CDATA[
        "fonts"in document&&document.fonts.ready.then(function(n){performance.mark("citylab_fonts_loaded")})
        ]]>
        </script>
        <script>
        <![CDATA[
        window.CityLab={};window.CityLab.page_info= {"tall_ads_suppressed": false, "domain": "www.citylab.com", "disqus_identifier": "post_588400", "image": "https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2019/04/mr1/facebook.jpg?1556645448", "channels": ["design", "life"], "article_type": "citylab", "twitter_image": "", "canonical_url": "https://www.citylab.com/design/2019/04/neon-signage-20th-century-history/588400/", "is_amp": false, "is_freelance": false, "original_url": "https://www.citylab.com/design/2019/04/neon-signage-20th-century-history/588400/", "seo_title": "A Brief History of Neon Signage", "site_url": "https://www.citylab.com", "regions": ["New York"], "primary_channel": "design", "version": "1.0.0", "is_accounts": false, "share_dek": "", "is_instant": false, "share_title": "The Modern Ambitions Behind Neon", "description": "The once-ubiquitous form of lighting was novel when it first emerged in the early 1900s, though it has since come to represent decline.", "tags": [], "is_404": false, "has_full_width_content": false, "kicker": "", "authors": ["Sarah Archer"], "date": "2019-04-30T13:39:00-04:00", "path": "/design/2019/04/neon-signage-20th-century-history/588400/", "cities": ["New York", "Paris"], "article_id": 588400, "countries": ["United States"], "url": "https://www.citylab.com/design/2019/04/neon-signage-20th-century-history/588400/", "is_sponsored": false, "title": "Why Neon Is the Ultimate Symbol of the 20th Century", "request": {"experiment_group": null, "experiment_id": null, "is_gdpr": false}, "og_type": "article", "report": "", "view": "article", "days_since_published": 0};window.CityLab.page_meta= {"grapeshot_last_updated": "2019-04-30T17:41:38.736330+00:00", "adtargeting": {"watson_categories": ["/style and fashion/body art", "/law, govt and politics/politics", "/society/unrest and war"], "grapeshot_segments": ["an_bankofamerica_negative", "an_fidelity_safe", "an_jpmc_safe", "an_ms_safe", "ap_alfaromeo_safe", "gs_entertain", "gs_entertain_arts", "gs_science", "gs_auto"]}, "article_last_updated": "2019-04-30T13:40:00-04:00", "watson": {"top_category": {"four": null, "full": "/style and fashion/body art", "one": "style and fashion", "three": null, "two": "body art"}, "entities": ["de Miranda", "Georges Claude"], "categories": ["/style and fashion/body art", "/law, govt and politics/politics", "/society/unrest and war"], "keywords": ["history of neon lighting", "neon deli sign", "neon gas", "philosopher Luis de Miranda", "neon", "widespread use", "New York\u2019s Times Square", "Miranda\u2019s own example", "neon lights", "contemporary artists", "notion of neon lighting", "Neon signs", "neon fixtures", "first great modernist works", "interior lighting", "border of the sign", "such signs", "word neon", "John Minchillo", "perpetual nighttime glow", "French capital", "poor choice", "noble gases", "Scottish chemist Sir William Ramsay", "de Miranda", "combination of light", "husky physicality", "French engineer", "Bruce Nauman", "boiling point of argon", "sole use", "reference point", "mass introduction of neon lighting", "cost-effective way", "music of Claude Debussy", "cubist art of Pablo Picasso", "Let There Be Neon", "Neon lighting", "new form of illumination", "produce them.In", "neon sign", "fluorescent signs", "Fans of Miami Beach", "Martin Wartman", "British artist Tracey Emin", "light", "20th century", "United States", "World\u2019s Fair", "vital medium"], "concepts": ["Neon", "Neon sign", "Light", "Signage", "Neon lighting", "Neon lamp"]}, "meta": {"content_headline": "why neon is the ultimate symbol of the 20th century", "content_platform": "web", "channels": "design, life", "first_published_time": "13:39", "last_updated_datetime": "2019-04-30T13:40:00-04:00", "social_title": "why neon is the ultimate symbol of the 20th century", "content_subtype": "citylab", "content_headline_character_count": 51, "top_category_tier_4": null, "top_category_tier_1": "style and fashion", "top_category_tier_3": null, "top_category_tier_2": "body art", "primary_channel": "design", "secondary_author": null, "primary_author": "sarah archer", "grapeshot_segments": "an_bankofamerica_negative,an_fidelity_safe,an_jpmc_safe,an_ms_safe,ap_alfaromeo_safe,gs_entertain,gs_entertain_arts,gs_science,gs_auto", "first_published_date": "2019-04-30", "editorial_categories": null, "is_404": false, "watson_categories": "/style and fashion/body art;/law, govt and politics/politics;/society/unrest and war", "authors": "sarah archer", "report": null, "content_headline_word_count": 10, "article_id": 588400, "social_description": "the once-ubiquitous form of lighting was novel when it first emerged in the early 1900s, though it has since come to represent decline.", "top_category_full": "/style and fashion/body art", "editorial_project": null, "content_headline_capitalized": "Why Neon Is the Ultimate Symbol of the 20th Century", "content_article_word_count": 1496, "first_published_datetime": "2019-04-30T13:39:00-04:00", "view": "amp"}, "watson_last_updated": "2019-04-30T17:41:39.685586+00:00", "article_word_count": 1496};window.CityLab.GTM={quantcastLabels: ["CityLab.Editorial.Title.Why Neon Is the Ultimate Symbol of the 20th Century", "CityLab.Editorial.Author.Sarah Archer", "CityLab.Editorial.Channel.design", "CityLab.Editorial.Channel.life"],simplereach:{is_404: false,conf: {"channels": ["design", "life"], "date": "2019-04-30T13:39:00-04:00", "title": "Why Neon Is the Ultimate Symbol of the 20th Century", "url": "https://www.citylab.com/design/2019/04/neon-signage-20th-century-history/588400/", "authors": ["sarah-archer"], "tags": [], "page_url": "https://www.citylab.com/design/2019/04/neon-signage-20th-century-history/588400/"} }}
        ]]>
        </script>
        <link rel="manifest" href="https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/frontend/citylab/manifest/manifest.3a606104fd2d.json" /><noscript>
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/frontend/dist/citylab/css/no-js.f0eba3fa6040.css" media="screen" /></noscript><noscript><img src="https://atlanticmedia.122.2o7.net/b/ss/atlanticcities-prod/1/H.23.6--NS/0" height="1" width="1" border="0" alt="" /></noscript><noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-K92Z9D9" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
        <meta name="description" content="The once-ubiquitous form of lighting was novel when it first emerged in the early 1900s, though it has since come to represent decline." />
        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1" />
        <meta name="ROBOTS" content="INDEX, FOLLOW" />
        <link rel="icon" sizes="16x16" href="https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/frontend/citylab/img/icons/favicon-32x32.c6270a7c48d1.png" />
        <link rel="icon" sizes="32x32" href="https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/frontend/citylab/img/icons/favicon-16x16.10c30d3dfe8e.png" />
        <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="192x192" href="https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/frontend/citylab/img/icons/touch-icon-192x192.2f88c5610402.png" />
        <meta name="theme-color" content="#000000" />
        <meta name="application-name" content="CityLab" />
        <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#000000" />
        <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/citylab/img/icons/tile-144.b81cb04aaf40.png" />
        <meta property="fb:app_id" content="149043611894677" />
        <meta property="fb:page_id" content="236061986423933" />
        <meta property="fb:pages" content="236061986423933,1468531833474495,1061579677251147,457711054591520,370457103090695,29259828486,1631141167169115,148681772342453,1510507419185410,128344747344340,128377530562508" />
        <link href="https://plus.google.com/+citylab/" rel="publisher" />
        <meta name="p:domain_verify" content="60d0d25f4baabe8b6700f9af2a743afc" />
        <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="CityLab RSS" href="/feeds/posts/" />
        <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.citylab.com/design/2019/04/neon-signage-20th-century-history/588400/" />
        <link rel="image_src" href="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2019/04/mr1/facebook.jpg?1556645448" />
        <meta property="og:description" content="The once-ubiquitous form of lighting was novel when it first emerged in the early 1900s, though it has since come to represent decline." />
        <meta property="og:image" content="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2019/04/mr1/facebook.jpg?1556645448" />
        <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" />
        <meta property="og:site_name" content="CityLab" />
        <meta property="og:title" content="The Modern Ambitions Behind Neon" />
        <meta property="og:type" content="article" />
        <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.citylab.com/design/2019/04/neon-signage-20th-century-history/588400/" />
        <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
        <meta name="twitter:site" content="@CityLab" />
        <meta name="theme-color" content="#0ab961" />
        <script type="application/ld+json">
        <![CDATA[
        { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "Organization", "name": "CityLab", "url": "https://www.citylab.com", "logo": "https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/citylab/img/logos/logo_social_1200x630.png", "sameAs" : [ "https://www.facebook.com/thisiscitylab", "https://twitter.com/citylab", "https://plus.google.com/+citylab/posts" ] }
        ]]>
        </script>
        <meta name="twitter:title" content="Why Neon Is the Ultimate Symbol of the 20th Century" />
        <meta name="twitter:description" content="The once-ubiquitous form of lighting was novel when it first emerged in the early 1900s, though it has since come to represent decline." />
        <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2019/04/mr1/facebook.jpg?1556645448" />
        <meta property="author" content="Sarah Archer" />
        <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/thisiscitylab" />
        <meta property="ia:markup_url" content="https://www.citylab.com/facebook-instant/article/588400/" />
    </head>
    <body>
        <div class="u-hidden">
            <!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
            <symbol id="icon-close" viewbox="0 0 16 16">
                <path d="M8 9.525l6.16 6.159a1.076 1.076 0 0 0 1.524 0 1.078 1.078 0 0 0 0-1.525L9.524 8l6.16-6.16A1.078 1.078 0 1 0 14.16.317L8 6.476 1.84.315A1.078 1.078 0 1 0 .317 1.84L6.476 8l-6.16 6.16a1.078 1.078 0 1 0 1.525 1.524L8 9.524z"></path>
            </symbol>
            <symbol id="icon-facebook" viewbox="0 0 16 16">
                <path d="M15.022 0H.877A.88.88 0 0 0 0 .883v14.234A.88.88 0 0 0 .877 16h7.615V9.804H6.42V7.389h2.072V5.61c0-2.067 1.255-3.192 3.087-3.192.877 0 1.631.065 1.851.095v2.16h-1.27c-.997 0-1.19.476-1.19 1.176v1.541h2.376l-.309 2.415H10.97V16h4.052a.88.88 0 0 0 .877-.883V.883A.88.88 0 0 0 15.022 0" fill-rule="evenodd"></path>
            </symbol>
            <symbol id="icon-instagram" viewbox="0 0 16 16">
                <path class="cls-1" d="M15.93 8.07v3.53a4.42 4.42 0 0 1-3.31 4.21 4.15 4.15 0 0 1-1 .14H4.45a4.26 4.26 0 0 1-3.88-2.34 4.11 4.11 0 0 1-.52-2.05C0 9.18 0 6.8.06 4.43A4.26 4.26 0 0 1 2.32.62 4.21 4.21 0 0 1 4.49.06h7.11a4.21 4.21 0 0 1 2.79 1.06 4.3 4.3 0 0 1 1.47 2.56 4.75 4.75 0 0 1 .07.82v3.57zM8 12.42A4.41 4.41 0 1 0 3.58 8 4.41 4.41 0 0 0 8 12.42zm6.18-9.7a.88.88 0 1 0-.89.88.89.89 0 0 0 .88-.89z"></path>
                <circle class="cls-1" cx="7.99" cy="8.01" r="2.65"></circle>
            </symbol>
            <symbol id="icon-linkedin" viewbox="0 0 16 16">
                <path d="M3.48 15.925H.341V5.085h3.07v10.84h.07zM1.842 3.738C.682 3.738 0 2.916 0 1.87 0 .822.75 0 1.91 0s1.843.822 1.843 1.87c0 .971-.75 1.868-1.91 1.868zM15.9 15.925h-3.548v-5.607c0-1.496-.546-2.468-1.774-2.468-.956 0-1.433.673-1.706 1.346-.068.225-.068.598-.068.897V16h-3.48s.068-9.944 0-10.916h3.48v1.72c.204-.748 1.296-1.795 3.07-1.795 2.184 0 3.958 1.57 3.958 4.935v5.981h.068z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path>
            </symbol>
            <symbol id="icon-logo" viewbox="0 0 26 28">
                <path class="top" d="M18.961 9.065h6.732C23.758 4.025 18.934.45 13.277.45 6.33.45.631 5.832.005 12.703H6.02c.614-3.541 3.659-6.235 7.328-6.235 2.242 0 4.247 1.008 5.613 2.597z"></path>
                <path class="bottom" d="M25.73 18.768h-6.596c-1.365 1.706-3.448 2.798-5.786 2.798-3.739 0-6.827-2.798-7.36-6.437H0c.587 6.914 6.3 12.342 13.277 12.342 5.69 0 10.54-3.617 12.452-8.703"></path>
            </symbol>
            <symbol id="icon-more" viewbox="0 0 16 4">
                <g fill-rule="evenodd">
                    <circle cx="2" cy="2" r="2"></circle>
                    <circle cx="8" cy="2" r="2"></circle>
                    <circle cx="14" cy="2" r="2"></circle>
                </g>
            </symbol>
            <symbol id="icon-rss" viewbox="0 0 17 16">
                <path d="M3.137 16a2.731 2.731 0 0 1-2.722-2.74 2.731 2.731 0 0 1 2.722-2.74 2.731 2.731 0 0 1 2.723 2.74A2.731 2.731 0 0 1 3.137 16zm11.816 0a1.366 1.366 0 0 1-1.36-1.37c0-7.335-4.529-11.89-11.817-11.89a1.366 1.366 0 0 1-1.36-1.37C.415.613 1.024 0 1.775 0c4.304 0 7.95 1.384 10.559 4.005 2.609 2.62 3.98 6.295 3.98 10.625 0 .757-.61 1.37-1.362 1.37zm-5.152 0a1.366 1.366 0 0 1-1.362-1.37c0-4.449-2.242-6.705-6.663-6.705a1.366 1.366 0 0 1-1.36-1.37c0-.756.609-1.37 1.36-1.37 5.964 0 9.386 3.442 9.386 9.444 0 .363-.143.712-.398.97A1.357 1.357 0 0 1 9.8 16z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path>
            </symbol>
            <symbol id="icon-search" viewbox="0 0 14 14">
                <path d="M14 12.935L9.716 8.71c.758-.933 1.082-1.996 1.082-3.294C10.798 2.425 8.381 0 5.4 0 2.418 0 0 2.425 0 5.416c0 2.991 2.418 5.416 5.4 5.416 1.299 0 2.285-.288 3.217-1.056L12.9 14 14 12.935zM1.08 5.415A4.326 4.326 0 0 1 5.4 1.082c2.384 0 4.318 1.94 4.318 4.333A4.325 4.325 0 0 1 5.4 9.75a4.326 4.326 0 0 1-4.32-4.334z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path>
            </symbol>
            <symbol id="icon-twitter" viewbox="0 0 16 14">
                <path d="M14.026 2.13A3.39 3.39 0 0 0 15.46.25c-.63.39-1.328.673-2.071.825A3.197 3.197 0 0 0 11.008 0C9.206 0 7.746 1.523 7.746 3.401c0 .267.029.527.084.776C5.12 4.035 2.716 2.68 1.107.623a3.497 3.497 0 0 0-.442 1.71 3.44 3.44 0 0 0 1.451 2.83A3.148 3.148 0 0 1 .64 4.739v.043c0 1.648 1.124 3.023 2.616 3.335a3.14 3.14 0 0 1-1.473.059c.415 1.351 1.62 2.334 3.047 2.362A6.377 6.377 0 0 1 0 11.946a8.96 8.96 0 0 0 5 1.528c6 0 9.281-5.183 9.281-9.678 0-.148-.003-.294-.01-.44A6.794 6.794 0 0 0 15.9 1.595a6.315 6.315 0 0 1-1.873.536z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path>
            </symbol>
            <symbol id="icon-wordmark-white" viewbox="0 0 838 134">
                <g fill-rule="nonzero">
                    <path d="M243 40.3h29.8V133H243zM94.8 42.5h33.5C118.7 17.7 94.6.2 66.5.2 31.9.2 3.5 26.7.4 60.4h30C33.5 43 48.6 29.8 66.9 29.8 78 29.7 88 34.7 94.8 42.5M128.5 90.2H95.7C88.9 98.6 78.5 104 66.9 104c-18.6 0-34-13.8-36.7-31.6H.4c2.9 34 31.4 60.7 66.1 60.7 28.3-.1 52.5-17.9 62-42.9M152.7.2h29.8V133h-29.8zM204.7.2h106.5v28H204.7zM400.7 66.7L362.3.2h-34.4l46.3 80V133h34.4V79.3zM415.7 68L454.9.2h-34.4l-22 38.1zM473.7.2h29.8V94h-29.8zM473.7 105.9h88.5v27h-88.5zM612.8 133L661.1.2h-31.7L581.1 133zM685 133h31.7L671 7.6l-15.6 44.1 10.5 28.7h-21l-10.4 28.4h41.7zM738.8.2h25.8V133h-25.8zM824.7 63.2c4.9-6.9 7.5-14.9 7.5-23.1 0-21.2-16.7-38.7-38-39.7L789 .2h-12.7v26.3h21c7.5 0 13.6 6.1 13.6 13.6s-6.1 13.6-13.6 13.6h-21v25.7h21c7.5 0 13.6 6.1 13.6 13.6s-6.1 13.6-13.6 13.6h-21V133h18.9l5.2-.3c20.6-1.6 36.7-19 36.7-39.6 0-10.8-4.4-20.9-12.4-28.5l-.6-.6.6-.8"></path>
                </g>
            </symbol>
            <symbol id="icon-wordmark" viewbox="0 0 122 21">
                <g fill-rule="evenodd">
                    <path class="u-fill-green" d="M69.075 19.786h12.861V15.83H69.075z"></path>
                    <path class="dark" d="M35.257 20.046h4.326V6.476h-4.326z"></path>
                    <path d="M13.726 6.199H18.6C17.2 2.573 13.707 0 9.61 0 4.58 0 .454 3.873 0 8.817h4.355C4.8 6.269 7.005 4.33 9.662 4.33c1.623 0 3.075.725 4.064 1.868zM18.63 13.411h-4.775a5.366 5.366 0 0 1-4.19 2.014c-2.707 0-4.943-2.014-5.329-4.632H0c.425 4.975 4.562 8.88 9.614 8.88 4.12 0 7.632-2.602 9.016-6.262M22.305 19.442h4.329V0h-4.329zM29.5 4.103h15.481V0h-15.48zM58.07 9.74L52.486 0h-4.997l6.721 11.72v7.722h5.014l-.002-7.853zM60.063 9.934L65.76 0h-4.997l-3.2 5.582z" class="u-fill-green"></path>
                    <path class="light" d="M69.075 13.738h4.327V0h-4.327z"></path>
                    <path class="u-fill-green" d="M88.79 19.442L95.82 0h-4.607l-7.027 19.442z"></path>
                    <path class="dark" d="M99.443 19.792h4.605L97.414 1.44 95.14 7.89l1.521 4.208h-3.05L92.1 16.251h6.063z"></path>
                    <path class="u-fill-green" d="M107.21 19.442h3.749V0h-3.75zM119.991 9.23a5.82 5.82 0 0 0 1.093-3.39 5.809 5.809 0 0 0-5.519-5.812L114.811 0h-1.845v3.856h3.054c1.092 0 1.98.894 1.98 1.994a1.989 1.989 0 0 1-1.98 1.993.62.62 0 0 1-.086-.006l-.061.006h-2.907v3.765h3.054a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 1.98 1.995 1.989 1.989 0 0 1-1.98 1.993.674.674 0 0 1-.086-.006l-.061.006h-2.907v3.847h2.75l.752-.048c2.994-.24 5.34-2.784 5.34-5.794 0-1.579-.639-3.063-1.8-4.179l-.092-.088.075-.104"></path>
                </g>
            </symbol></svg>
        </div>
        <div class="l-wrapper">
            <div class="l-content">
                <section class="js-notifications"></section>
                <div class="l-content__inner">
                    <header class="l-header l-header--article" role="banner">
                        <div class="c-wordmark c-wordmark--header">
                            <a href="#main-content" class="c-skip-link">Skip to content</a> <a class="c-wordmark__link" href="/" aria-label="CityLab"><svg class="c-wordmark__icon c-wordmark__icon--header" viewbox="0 0 122 21">
                            <use xlink:href="#icon-wordmark"></use></svg></a>
                        </div>
                        <nav class="c-nav c-nav--header" role="navigation" aria-label="Main Navigation">
                            <div class="c-nav__container c-nav__container--header">
                                <ul class="c-nav__list c-nav__list--header">
                                    <li class="c-nav__item c-nav__item--header">
                                        <a class="c-nav__link c-nav__link--header" href="/design/">Design</a>
                                    </li>
                                    <li class="c-nav__item c-nav__item--header">
                                        <a class="c-nav__link c-nav__link--header" href="/transportation/">Transportation</a>
                                    </li>
                                    <li class="c-nav__item c-nav__item--header">
                                        <a class="c-nav__link c-nav__link--header" href="/environment/">Environment</a>
                                    </li>
                                    <li class="c-nav__item c-nav__item--header">
                                        <a class="c-nav__link c-nav__link--header" href="/equity/">Equity</a>
                                    </li>
                                    <li class="c-nav__item c-nav__item--header">
                                        <a class="c-nav__link c-nav__link--header" href="/life/">Life</a>
                                    </li>
                                </ul>
                            </div>
                        </nav>
                        <div class="c-search-nav">
                            <a class="c-search-nav__link" href="/search" aria-label="Search"><svg class="c-search-nav__icon" viewbox="0 0 14 14">
                            <use xlink:href="#icon-search"></use></svg></a>
                        </div>
                    </header>
                    <main id="main-content" class="l-main" role="main">
                        <article class="l-article s-cms-content" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/NewsArticle">
                            <meta itemprop="datePublished" content="2019-04-30T13:39:00-04:00" />
                            <meta itemprop="dateModified" content="2019-04-30T13:40:00-04:00" />
                            <meta itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" content="https://www.citylab.com/design/2019/04/neon-signage-20th-century-history/588400/" />
                            <div itemprop="publisher" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization">
                                <meta itemprop="name" content="CityLab" />
                                <meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.citylab.com" />
                                <div itemprop="logo" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject">
                                    <meta itemprop="url" content="https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/citylab/img/logos/logo_social_1200x630.png" />
                                </div>
                            </div>
                            <figure class="c-lead-image" itemprop="image" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject">
                                <picture class="c-lead-image__image"><source srcset="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2019/04/mr1/940.jpg?mod=1556645448" media="(min-width: 1024px)" /> <source srcset="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2019/04/mr1/lead_large.jpg?mod=1556645448" media="(min-width: 576px)" /></picture>
                                <meta itemprop="height" content="128" />
                                <meta itemprop="width" content="300" />
                                <meta itemprop="url" content="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2019/04/mr1/300.jpg?mod=1556645448" /><picture class="c-lead-image__image"><source srcset="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2019/04/mr1/300.jpg?mod=1556645448" media="(max-width: 575px)" /><img class="c-lead-image__img" srcset="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2019/04/mr1/300.jpg?mod=1556645448" alt="" itemprop="contentUrl" onload="performance.mark(&quot;citylab_lead_image_loaded&quot;)" /><noscript><img class="c-lead-image__img" src="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2019/04/mr1/300.jpg?mod=1556645448" alt="" /></noscript></picture>
                                <figcaption class="c-lead-image__credit">
                                    <span class="c-lead-image__caption" itemprop="caption">The Moulin Rouge cabaret in Paris</span> <span class="c-lead-image__attribution" itemprop="creator">Benoit Tessier/Reuters</span>
                                </figcaption>
                            </figure>
                            <div class="l-article__meta">
                                <h1 class="l-article__hed" itemprop="headline">
                                    Why Neon Is the Ultimate Symbol of the 20th Century
                                </h1>
                                <div class="c-byline c-byline--article__hed">
                                    <ol class="c-meta__byline c-meta__byline--article__hed">
                                        <li class="c-meta__author">
                                            <span><a class="c-byline__link c-byline__link--article__hed" href="https://www.citylab.com/authors/sarah-archer/">Sarah Archer</a></span>
                                        </li>
                                    </ol><span><time class="c-byline__time c-byline__time--article__hed">1:39 PM ET</time></span>
                                </div>
                            </div>
                            <h2 class="l-article__dek o-small-container" itemprop="description">
                                The once-ubiquitous form of lighting was novel when it first emerged in the early 1900s, though it has since come to represent decline.
                            </h2>
                            <section class="c-tmp-share-sponsored-container o-small-container js-action-bar-active">
                                <div class="c-share c-share--">
                                    <ul class="c-share__list">
                                        <li class="c-share__item">
                                            <a class="c-btn c-btn--share c-btn--facebook c-share__link" href="#" role="button" data-share="facebook"><svg class="c-icon c-icon--share" viewbox="0 0 16 16">
                                            <use xlink:href="#icon-facebook"></use></svg> <span class="c-btn__share-label">Share</span></a>
                                        </li>
                                        <li class="c-share__item">
                                            <a class="c-btn c-btn--share c-btn--twitter c-share__link" href="#" role="button" data-share="twitter" data-share-title="The Modern Ambitions Behind Neon"><svg class="c-icon c-icon--share" viewbox="0 0 16 16">
                                            <use xlink:href="#icon-twitter"></use></svg> <span class="c-btn__share-label">Tweet</span></a>
                                        </li>
                                        <li class="c-share__item c-share__item--more">
                                            <a class="c-btn c-btn--share c-btn--more" href="#" role="button" aria-label="More items"><svg class="c-icon c-icon--share c-icon--more" viewbox="0 0 16 4">
                                            <use xlink:href="#icon-more"></use></svg></a>
                                            <ul class="c-more">
                                                <li class="c-more__item">
                                                    <a class="c-more__link c-share__link" href="#" data-share="linkedin">LinkedIn</a>
                                                </li>
                                                <li class="c-more__item">
                                                    <a class="c-more__link" href="mailto:?subject=Why%20Neon%20Is%20the%20Ultimate%20Symbol%20of%20the%2020th%20Century&amp;body=The%20once-ubiquitous%20form%20of%20lighting%20was%20novel%20when%20it%20first%20emerged%20in%20the%20early%201900s,%20though%20it%20has%20since%20come%20to%20represent%20decline.%0D%0A%20%0ARead%20More:%0Ahttps://www.citylab.com/design/2019/04/neon-signage-20th-century-history/588400/">Email</a>
                                                </li>
                                                <li class="c-more__item">
                                                    <a class="c-more__link c-share__link--print" href="#">Print</a>
                                                </li>
                                            </ul>
                                        </li>
                                    </ul>
                                </div>
                            </section>
                            <section class="s-article__section o-small-container" id="article-section-1">
                                <p>
                                    In the summer of 1898, the Scottish chemist Sir William Ramsay made a discovery that would eventually give the Moulin Rouge in Paris, the Las Vegas Strip, and New York’s Times Square their perpetual nighttime glow. Using the boiling point of argon as a reference point, Ramsay and his colleague Morris W. Travers isolated three more noble gases and gave them evocative Greek names: neon, krypton, and xenon. In so doing, the scientists bestowed a label of permanent novelty on the most famous of the trio—neon, which translates as “new.” This discovery was the foundation on which the French engineer Georges Claude crafted a new form of illumination over the next decade. He designed glass tubes in which neon gas could be trapped, then electrified, to create a light that glowed reliably for more than 1,000 hours.
                                </p>
                                <p>
                                    In the 2012 book <em>L’être et le Néon</em>, <a href="https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/being-and-neonness-translation-and-content-revised-augmented-and-updated-edition-luis-de-miranda">which has been newly translated into English by Michael Wells</a>, the philosopher Luis de Miranda weaves a history of neon lighting as both artifact and metaphor. <em>Being and Neonness</em>, as the book is called in its English edition, isn’t a typical material history. There are no photographs. Even de Miranda’s own example of a neon deli sign spotted in Paris is re-created typographically, with text in all caps and dashes forming the border of the sign, as one might attempt on Twitter. Fans of Miami Beach’s restored Art Deco hotels and California’s bowling alleys might be disappointed by the lack of glossy historical images. Nonetheless, de Miranda makes a convincing case for neon as a symbol of the grand modern ambitions of the 20th century.
                                </p>
                                <aside class="pullquote instapaper_ignore">
                                    The very quality that made neon fixtures a poor choice for interior lighting made them perfect for signs.
                                </aside>
                                <p>
                                    De Miranda beautifully evokes the notion of neon lighting as an icon of the 1900s in his introduction: “When we hear the word <em>neon</em>, an image pops into our heads: a combination of light, colors, symbols, and glass. This image is itself a mood. It carries an atmosphere. It speaks … of the essence of cities, of the poetry of nights, of the 20th century.” When neon lights debuted in Europe, they seemed dazzlingly futuristic. But their husky physicality started becoming obsolete by the 1960s, thanks in part to the widespread use of plastic for fluorescent signs. Neon signs exist today, though they’ve been eclipsed by newer technologies such as digital billboards, and they remain charmingly analog: Signs must be made by hand because there’s no cost-effective way to mass-produce them.
                                </p>
                                <p>
                                    In the 1910s, neon started being used for cosmopolitan flash in Paris at precisely the time and place where the first great modernist works were being created. De Miranda’s recounting of the ingenuity emerging from the French capital a century ago is thrilling to contemplate: the cubist art of Pablo Picasso, the radically deconstructed fashions of Coco Chanel, the stream-of-consciousness poetry of Gertrude Stein, and the genre-defying music of Claude Debussy—all of which heralded a new age of culture for Europe and for the world.
                                </p>
                            </section>
                            <aside class="c-related-content u-full-width u-lazy lazyload" data-include="css:https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/frontend/dist/citylab/css/components/related-content.a8ad49998034.css">
                                <h4 class="c-related-content__title">
                                    Recommended
                                </h4>
                                <div class="c-related-content__container">
                                    <ul class="c-related-content__list">
                                        <li class="c-related-content__item">
                                            <a class="c-related-content__image" href="https://www.citylab.com/design/2014/07/remembering-pittsburghs-most-mesmerizing-sign/374553/"><picture><img class="c-related-content__img u-lazy lazyload" data-srcset="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2014/07/ws1/144x144.jpg?mod=1494541269" alt="" /><noscript><img class="c-related-content__img" src="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2014/07/ws1/144x144.jpg?mod=1494541269" alt="" /></noscript></picture></a>
                                            <div class="c-related-content__content">
                                                <h5 class="c-related-content__hed">
                                                    <a class="c-related-content__link" href="https://www.citylab.com/design/2014/07/remembering-pittsburghs-most-mesmerizing-sign/374553/">Remembering Pittsburgh's Most Mesmerizing Sign</a>
                                                </h5>
                                                <div class="c-byline c-byline--related-content">
                                                    <ol class="c-meta__byline c-meta__byline--related-content">
                                                        <li class="c-meta__author">
                                                            <span><a class="c-byline__link c-byline__link--related-content" href="https://www.citylab.com/authors/mark-byrnes/">Mark Byrnes</a></span>
                                                        </li>
                                                    </ol><span><time class="c-byline__time c-byline__time--related-content">Jul 17, 2014</time></span>
                                                </div>
                                            </div>
                                        </li>
                                        <li class="c-related-content__item">
                                            <a class="c-related-content__image" href="https://www.citylab.com/life/2018/03/navigator-long-llive-the-deadmalls/555203/"><picture><img class="c-related-content__img u-lazy lazyload" data-srcset="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2018/03/Screen_Shot_2018_03_09_at_5.22.15_PM/144x144.png?mod=1520634210" alt="" /><noscript><img class="c-related-content__img" src="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2018/03/Screen_Shot_2018_03_09_at_5.22.15_PM/144x144.png?mod=1520634210" alt="" /></noscript></picture></a>
                                            <div class="c-related-content__content">
                                                <h5 class="c-related-content__hed">
                                                    <a class="c-related-content__link" href="https://www.citylab.com/life/2018/03/navigator-long-llive-the-deadmalls/555203/">Navigator: Ode To The Dead Mall</a>
                                                </h5>
                                                <div class="c-byline c-byline--related-content">
                                                    <ol class="c-meta__byline c-meta__byline--related-content">
                                                        <li class="c-meta__author">
                                                            <span><a class="c-byline__link c-byline__link--related-content" href="https://www.citylab.com/authors/tanvi-misra/">Tanvi Misra</a></span>
                                                        </li>
                                                    </ol><span><time class="c-byline__time c-byline__time--related-content">Mar 9, 2018</time></span>
                                                </div>
                                            </div>
                                        </li>
                                        <li class="c-related-content__item">
                                            <a class="c-related-content__image" href="https://www.citylab.com/life/2017/08/art-of-making-a-neon-sign/537618/"><picture><img class="c-related-content__img u-lazy lazyload" data-srcset="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2017/08/Screen_Shot_2017_08_22_at_6.42.43_PM/144x144.png?mod=1503441831" alt="" /><noscript><img class="c-related-content__img" src="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2017/08/Screen_Shot_2017_08_22_at_6.42.43_PM/144x144.png?mod=1503441831" alt="" /></noscript></picture></a>
                                            <div class="c-related-content__content">
                                                <h5 class="c-related-content__hed">
                                                    <a class="c-related-content__link" href="https://www.citylab.com/life/2017/08/art-of-making-a-neon-sign/537618/">The Twists and Turns of Making a Neon Sign</a>
                                                </h5>
                                                <div class="c-byline c-byline--related-content">
                                                    <ol class="c-meta__byline c-meta__byline--related-content">
                                                        <li class="c-meta__author">
                                                            <span><a class="c-byline__link c-byline__link--related-content" href="https://www.citylab.com/authors/linda-poon/">Linda Poon</a></span>
                                                        </li>
                                                    </ol><span><time class="c-byline__time c-byline__time--related-content">Aug 23, 2017</time></span>
                                                </div>
                                            </div>
                                        </li>
                                    </ul>
                                </div>
                            </aside>
                            <section class="s-article__section o-small-container" id="article-section-2">
                                <p>
                                    Amid this artistic groundswell, Georges Claude premiered his neon lights at the <a href="https://www.mondial-paris.com/en/visiteur/auto">Paris Motor Show</a> in December 1910, captivating visitors with 40-foot-tall tubes affixed to the building’s exterior. The lights shone orange-red because neon, by itself, produces that color. <em>Neon lighting</em> is a catchall term that describes the technology of glass tubing that contains gas or chemicals that glow when electrified. For example, neon fabricators use carbon dioxide to make white, and mercury to make blue. Claude acknowledged at the time that neon didn’t produce the ideal color for a standard light bulb and insisted that it posed no commercial threat to incandescent bulbs.
                                </p>
                                <p>
                                    Of course, the very quality that made neon fixtures a poor choice for interior lighting made them perfect for signs, de Miranda notes. The first of the neon signs was switched on in 1912, advertising a barbershop on Paris’s Boulevard Montmartre, and eventually they were adopted by cinemas and nightclubs. While Claude had a monopoly on neon lighting throughout the 1920s, the leaking of trade secrets and the expiration of a series of patents broke his hold on the rapidly expanding technology.
                                </p>
                            </section>
                            <div class="ad-box-wrapper" data-pos="box"></div>
                            <section class="s-article__section o-small-container" id="article-section-3">
                                <p>
                                    In the following decades, neon’s nonstop glow and vibrant colors turned ordinary buildings and surfaces into 24/7 billboards for businesses, large and small, that wanted to convey a sense of always being open. The first examples of neon in the United States debuted in Los Angeles, where the Packard Motor Car Company commissioned two large blue-and-orange <span class="smallcaps">Packard</span> signs that literally stopped traffic because they distracted motorists. The lighting also featured heavily at the Chicago Century of Progress Exposition in 1933 and at the 1939 World’s Fair in New York. At the latter event, a massive neon sign reading <span class="smallcaps">Futurama</span> lit the way to a General Motors exhibition that heralded “The World of Tomorrow.”
                                </p>
                                <figure style="max-width: 620.0px;">
                                    <picture style="display: block; position:relative; width:100%; height:0; overflow:hidden; padding-bottom:66.4516129032%;"><img alt="" data-srcset="https://cdn.theatlantic.com/assets/media/img/posts/2019/04/AP_8912060228/cbd32b0e1.jpg" class="lazyload" style="position:absolute; width:100%; height:100%; top:0; left:0; border:0;" /></picture>
                                    <figcaption class="caption">
                                        Workers remove a hammer and sickle from a neon sign that reads “Glory to Communism,” visible on the roof of the Communist-run electricity-board headquarters in Czechoslovakia in 1989. (AP)
                                    </figcaption>
                                </figure>
                                <p>
                                    De Miranda points out that businesses weren’t alone in embracing neon’s ability to spread messages effectively. By the middle of the century, the lighting was being adopted for more political purposes. “In the 1960s, the Soviets deployed a vast ‘neonization’ of the Eastern bloc capitals to emulate capitalist metropolises,” de Miranda writes. “Because consumer shops were rare in the Polish capital [of Warsaw], they did not hesitate to illuminate the façades of public buildings.” In other words, as opposed to the sole use of the more obvious forms of propaganda via posters or slogans, the mass introduction of neon lighting was a way of getting citizens of Communist cities to see their surroundings with the pizzazz and nighttime glamour of major Western capitals.
                                </p>
                            </section>
                            <div class="ad-box-wrapper" data-pos="box"></div>
                            <section class="s-article__section o-small-container" id="article-section-4">
                                <p>
                                    Neon, around this time, began to be phased out, thanks to cheaper and less labor-intensive alternatives. In addition, the global economic downturn of the 1970s yielded a landscape in which older, flickering neon signs, which perhaps their owners couldn’t afford to fix or replace, came to look like symbols of decline. Where such signs were once sophisticated and novel, they now seemed dated and even seedy.
                                </p>
                                <section class="c-newsletter c-newsletter--promo c-newsletter--cta">
                                    <h2 class="c-newsletter__title">
                                        Cities are changing fast. Keep up with the <b>CityLab Daily</b> newsletter.
                                    </h2><label for="promo-email-input-email" class="c-newsletter__cta c-newsletter__cta--promo">The best way to follow issues you care about.</label>
                                    <form id="promo-email" class="js-newsletter-form c-newsletter__form c-newsletter__form--promo" action="#" name="promo-email">
                                        <input class="js-newsletter-field--email c-newsletter__field c-newsletter__field--email c-newsletter__field--promo" id="promo-email-input-email" name="email" type="email" placeholder="Email Address" aria-label="Email Address" /><input type="hidden" name="newsletters" value="7607485" /><input type="hidden" name="newsletterName" value="Today on CityLab" /> <button class="js-newsletter-form__btn c-btn c-btn--signup c-btn--promo c-newsletter__submit--promo" type="submit" name="submit">Subscribe</button>
                                        <div class="c-loader" role="status">
                                            <button class="js-newsletter-form__btn c-btn c-btn--signup c-btn--promo c-newsletter__submit--promo" type="submit" name="submit"><span class="c-btn__loader">Loading...</span></button>
                                        </div><button class="js-newsletter-form__btn c-btn c-btn--signup c-btn--promo c-newsletter__submit--promo" type="submit" name="submit"></button>
                                        <div class="js-newsletter-message"></div>
                                    </form>
                                </section>
                                <p>
                                    De Miranda understands this evolution by zooming out and looking at the 1900s as the “neon century.” The author draws a parallel between the physical form of neon lights, which again are essentially containers for electrified gases, and that of a glass capsule—suggesting they are a kind of message in a bottle from a time before the First World War. “Since then, [neon lights] have witnessed all the transformations that have created the world we live in,” de Miranda writes. “Today, they sometimes seem to maintain a hybrid status, somewhere between junkyards and museums, not unlike European capitals themselves.”
                                </p>
                                <figure style="max-width: 620.0px;">
                                    <picture style="display: block; position:relative; width:100%; height:0; overflow:hidden; padding-bottom:66.6129032258%;"><img alt="" data-srcset="https://cdn.theatlantic.com/assets/media/img/posts/2019/04/AP_945361213236/888fdd750.jpg" class="lazyload" style="position:absolute; width:100%; height:100%; top:0; left:0; border:0;" /></picture>
                                    <figcaption class="caption">
                                        Martin Wartman, a student at Northern Kentucky University, works on a neon sign at the Neonworks of Cincinnati workshop connected to the American Sign Museum, in 2016. (John Minchillo / AP)
                                    </figcaption>
                                </figure>
                                <p>
                                    Another mark of neon’s hybridity: Its obsolescence started just as some contemporary artists began using the lights in their sculptures. Bruce Nauman’s 1968 work <em><a href="https://www.stedelijk.nl/en/collection/1097-bruce-nauman-my-name-as-though-it-were-written-on-the-surface-of-the-moon">My Name as Though It Were Written on the Surface of the Moon</a></em> poked fun at the space race—another symbol of 20th-century technological innovation whose moment has passed. The piece uses blue “neon” letters (mercury, actually) to spell out the name “bruce” in lowercase cursive, with each character repeated several times as if to convey a person speaking slowly in outer space. The British artist Tracey Emin has made <a href="https://www.artsy.net/collection/tracey-emin-neon-sculptures-and-prints">sculptures</a> that resemble neon Valentine’s Day candies: They read as garish and sentimental confections with pink, heart-shaped frames that surround blue text fragments. Drawing on the nostalgia-inducing quality of neon, the sculptures’ messages are redolent of old-fashioned movie dialogue, with titles such as “You Loved Me Like a Distant Star” and “The Kiss Was Beautiful.”
                                </p>
                                <p>
                                    Seeing neon lighting tamed in the context of a gallery display fits comfortably with de Miranda’s notion that neon technology is like a time capsule from another age. In museums, works of neon art and design coexist with objects that were ahead of their own time in years past—a poignant fate for a technology that made its name advertising “The World of Tomorrow.” Yet today neon is also experiencing a kind of craft revival. The fact that it can’t be mass-produced has made its fabrication something akin to a cherished artisanal technique. Bars and restaurants hire firms such as Let There Be Neon in Manhattan, or <a href="https://www.instagram.com/theneonqueen/">the L.A.-based master neon artist Lisa Schulte</a>, to create custom signs and works of art. Neon’s story even continues to glow from inside museums such as California’s <a href="https://www.neonmona.org/">Museum of Neon Art</a> and the Neon Museum in Las Vegas. If it can still be a vital medium for artists and designers working today, “neonness” need not only be trapped in the past. It might also capture the mysterious glow of the near future—just as it did a century ago.
                                </p>
                                <p>
                                    <em>This article originally appeared on <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/04/being-and-neonness-neon-lights-symbol-20th-century/588184/">The Atlantic</a>.</em>
                                </p>
                            </section>
                            <section class="c-authors-article u-lazy lazyload" data-include="css:https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/frontend/dist/citylab/css/components/author-article.cf4e8e0b143f.css">
                                <h4 class="c-authors-article__about-title">
                                    About the Author
                                </h4>
                                <section class="c-author-article" itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
                                    <div class="c-author-article__content">
                                        <h5 class="c-author-article__title" itemprop="name">
                                            <a class="c-author-article__link" href="https://www.citylab.com/authors/sarah-archer/">Sarah Archer</a>
                                        </h5>
                                        <ul class="c-author-article__list">
                                            <li class="c-author-article__item">
                                                <svg class="c-icon c-icon--rss c-icon--author-article" viewbox="0 0 16 16">
                                                <use xlink:href="#icon-rss"></use></svg> <a href="/feeds/author/sarah-archer/" itemprop="url">Feed</a>
                                            </li>
                                        </ul>
                                        <p class="c-author-article__bio" itemprop="description">
                                            <a href="https://www.citylab.com/authors/sarah-archer/" class="author-link" data-omni-click="inherit">Sarah Archer</a> is the author of <em>The Midcentury Kitchen</em>.
                                        </p>
                                    </div>
                                </section>
                            </section>
                        </article>
                        <section class="c-disqus lazyload" data-include="css:https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/frontend/dist/citylab/css/components/disqus.09fd7da024fd.css">
                            <button type="button" class="c-btn c-btn--disqus-comments js-load-disqus-comments">Expand Comments +</button>
                            <div id="disqus_thread" class="c-wrapper__disqus-comments"></div>
                        </section>
                        <div class="c-presented-by c-presented-by--article-logo">
                            <div class="c-presented-by__content c-presented-by__content--article-logo" data-label="with funding from"></div>
                        </div>
                        <section class="c-article-most-popular js-action-bar-disable u-lazy lazyload" data-include="css:https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/frontend/dist/citylab/css/components/article-most-popular.3a9846ccf46b.css">
                            <h2 class="c-article-most-popular__title">
                                Most Popular
                            </h2>
                            <div class="c-article-most-popular__container">
                                <ol class="c-article-most-popular__list">
                                    <li class="c-article-most-popular__item">
                                        <a href="https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2019/04/innisfil-transit-ride-hailing-bus-public-transportation-uber/588154/"><picture class="c-article-most-popular__picture"><source data-srcset="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2019/04/RTS28UAK/thumb.jpg?mod=1556565008" media="(min-width: 1024px)" /><source data-srcset="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2019/04/RTS28UAK/144x144.jpg?mod=1556565008" media="(max-width: 575px)" /><img class="c-article-most-popular__img u-lazy lazyload" data-srcset="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2019/04/RTS28UAK/144x144.jpg?mod=1556565008" alt="A photo of an Uber Bus in Cairo, the company's new microtransit program." /><noscript><img class="c-article-most-popular__img" src="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2019/04/RTS28UAK/144x144.jpg?mod=1556565008" alt="A photo of an Uber Bus in Cairo, the company's new microtransit program." /></noscript></picture></a>
                                        <div class="c-article-most-popular__content">
                                            <a class="c-article-most-popular__link c-article-most-popular__link--kicker" href="https://www.citylab.com/transportation/">Transportation</a>
                                            <h3 class="c-article-most-popular__hed">
                                                <a class="c-article-most-popular__link" href="https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2019/04/innisfil-transit-ride-hailing-bus-public-transportation-uber/588154/">‘Uber Was Supposed To Be Our Public Transit’</a>
                                            </h3>
                                            <p class="c-article-most-popular__dek">
                                                Innisfil, Ontario, decided to partially subsidize ride-hailing trips rather than pay for a public bus system. It worked so well that now they have to raise fares and cap rides.
                                            </p>
                                            <div class="c-byline c-byline--article-most-popular">
                                                <ol class="c-meta__byline c-meta__byline--article-most-popular">
                                                    <li class="c-meta__author">
                                                        <span><a class="c-byline__link c-byline__link--article-most-popular" href="https://www.citylab.com/authors/laura-bliss/">Laura Bliss</a></span>
                                                    </li>
                                                </ol><span><time class="c-byline__time c-byline__time--article-most-popular">Apr 29, 2019</time></span>
                                            </div>
                                        </div>
                                    </li>
                                    <li class="c-article-most-popular__item">
                                        <a href="https://www.citylab.com/environment/2015/10/a-13235-mile-road-trip-for-70-degree-weather-every-day/411406/"><picture class="c-article-most-popular__picture"><source data-srcset="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2015/10/winter_forecast_2015_cold_weather_october_snow_rain_sleet_hail_el_nino/thumb.jpg?mod=1494536288" media="(min-width: 1024px)" /><source data-srcset="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2015/10/winter_forecast_2015_cold_weather_october_snow_rain_sleet_hail_el_nino/144x144.jpg?mod=1494536288" media="(max-width: 575px)" /><img class="c-article-most-popular__img u-lazy lazyload" data-srcset="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2015/10/winter_forecast_2015_cold_weather_october_snow_rain_sleet_hail_el_nino/144x144.jpg?mod=1494536288" alt="" /><noscript><img class="c-article-most-popular__img" src="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2015/10/winter_forecast_2015_cold_weather_october_snow_rain_sleet_hail_el_nino/144x144.jpg?mod=1494536288" alt="" /></noscript></picture></a>
                                        <div class="c-article-most-popular__content">
                                            <a class="c-article-most-popular__link c-article-most-popular__link--kicker" href="https://www.citylab.com/environment/">Environment</a>
                                            <h3 class="c-article-most-popular__hed">
                                                <a class="c-article-most-popular__link" href="https://www.citylab.com/environment/2015/10/a-13235-mile-road-trip-for-70-degree-weather-every-day/411406/">A 13,235-Mile Road Trip for 70-Degree Weather Every Day</a>
                                            </h3>
                                            <p class="c-article-most-popular__dek">
                                                This year-long journey across the U.S. keeps you at consistent high temperatures.
                                            </p>
                                            <div class="c-byline c-byline--article-most-popular">
                                                <ol class="c-meta__byline c-meta__byline--article-most-popular">
                                                    <li class="c-meta__author">
                                                        <span><a class="c-byline__link c-byline__link--article-most-popular" href="https://www.citylab.com/authors/john-metcalfe/">John Metcalfe</a></span>
                                                    </li>
                                                </ol><span><time class="c-byline__time c-byline__time--article-most-popular">Oct 20, 2015</time></span>
                                            </div>
                                        </div>
                                    </li>
                                    <li class="c-article-most-popular__item">
                                        <a href="https://www.citylab.com/environment/2019/04/air-conditioning-climate-change-carbon-capture-technology/588403/"><picture class="c-article-most-popular__picture"><source data-srcset="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2019/04/Air_conditioning_Singapore/thumb.jpg?mod=1556646728" media="(min-width: 1024px)" /><source data-srcset="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2019/04/Air_conditioning_Singapore/144x144.jpg?mod=1556646728" media="(max-width: 575px)" /><img class="c-article-most-popular__img u-lazy lazyload" data-srcset="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2019/04/Air_conditioning_Singapore/144x144.jpg?mod=1556646728" alt="The outside of a large apartment building, dotted with air conditioners." /><noscript><img class="c-article-most-popular__img" src="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2019/04/Air_conditioning_Singapore/144x144.jpg?mod=1556646728" alt="The outside of a large apartment building, dotted with air conditioners." /></noscript></picture></a>
                                        <div class="c-article-most-popular__content">
                                            <a class="c-article-most-popular__link c-article-most-popular__link--kicker" href="https://www.citylab.com/environment/">Environment</a>
                                            <h3 class="c-article-most-popular__hed">
                                                <a class="c-article-most-popular__link" href="https://www.citylab.com/environment/2019/04/air-conditioning-climate-change-carbon-capture-technology/588403/">What If Air Conditioning Could Help Stop Climate Change Instead of Causing It?</a>
                                            </h3>
                                            <p class="c-article-most-popular__dek">
                                                Using technology currently in development, AC units in skyscrapers and homes could get turned into machines that pull carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.
                                            </p>
                                            <div class="c-byline c-byline--article-most-popular">
                                                <ol class="c-meta__byline c-meta__byline--article-most-popular">
                                                    <li class="c-meta__author">
                                                        <span><a class="c-byline__link c-byline__link--article-most-popular" href="https://www.citylab.com/authors/matt-simon/">Matt Simon</a></span>
                                                    </li>
                                                </ol><span><time class="c-byline__time c-byline__time--article-most-popular">1:57 PM ET</time></span>
                                            </div>
                                        </div>
                                    </li>
                                    <li class="c-article-most-popular__item">
                                        <a href="https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2019/04/texas-central-railway-high-speed-bullet-train-cost-route/587743/"><picture class="c-article-most-popular__picture"><source data-srcset="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2019/04/shinkansen_flowers/thumb.jpg?mod=1556300630" media="(min-width: 1024px)" /><source data-srcset="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2019/04/shinkansen_flowers/144x144.jpg?mod=1556300630" media="(max-width: 575px)" /><img class="c-article-most-popular__img u-lazy lazyload" data-srcset="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2019/04/shinkansen_flowers/144x144.jpg?mod=1556300630" alt="A train traveling on an elevated platform." /><noscript><img class="c-article-most-popular__img" src="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2019/04/shinkansen_flowers/144x144.jpg?mod=1556300630" alt="A train traveling on an elevated platform." /></noscript></picture></a>
                                        <div class="c-article-most-popular__content">
                                            <a class="c-article-most-popular__link c-article-most-popular__link--kicker" href="https://www.citylab.com/transportation/">Transportation</a>
                                            <h3 class="c-article-most-popular__hed">
                                                <a class="c-article-most-popular__link" href="https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2019/04/texas-central-railway-high-speed-bullet-train-cost-route/587743/">Texas High Speed Rail Faces a New Threat: Semantics</a>
                                            </h3>
                                            <p class="c-article-most-popular__dek">
                                                A private company plans to break ground on a bullet train between Houston and Dallas in 2019. But opponents of the project have a new argument.
                                            </p>
                                            <div class="c-byline c-byline--article-most-popular">
                                                <ol class="c-meta__byline c-meta__byline--article-most-popular">
                                                    <li class="c-meta__author">
                                                        <span><a class="c-byline__link c-byline__link--article-most-popular" href="https://www.citylab.com/authors/laura-bliss/">Laura Bliss</a></span>
                                                    </li>
                                                </ol><span><time class="c-byline__time c-byline__time--article-most-popular">Apr 26, 2019</time></span>
                                            </div>
                                        </div>
                                    </li>
                                    <li class="c-article-most-popular__item">
                                        <a href="https://www.citylab.com/solutions/2019/04/lausanne-switzerland-design-workshop-place-de-la-riponne/587050/"><picture class="c-article-most-popular__picture"><source data-srcset="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2019/04/Riponne/thumb.jpg?mod=1556541985" media="(min-width: 1024px)" /><source data-srcset="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2019/04/Riponne/144x144.jpg?mod=1556541985" media="(max-width: 575px)" /><img class="c-article-most-popular__img u-lazy lazyload" data-srcset="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2019/04/Riponne/144x144.jpg?mod=1556541985" alt="" /><noscript><img class="c-article-most-popular__img" src="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2019/04/Riponne/144x144.jpg?mod=1556541985" alt="" /></noscript></picture></a>
                                        <div class="c-article-most-popular__content">
                                            <a class="c-article-most-popular__link c-article-most-popular__link--kicker" href="https://www.citylab.com/solutions/">Solutions</a>
                                            <h3 class="c-article-most-popular__hed">
                                                <a class="c-article-most-popular__link" href="https://www.citylab.com/solutions/2019/04/lausanne-switzerland-design-workshop-place-de-la-riponne/587050/">In Switzerland, Everyone’s an Urban Planner</a>
                                            </h3>
                                            <p class="c-article-most-popular__dek">
                                                To reimagine its largest public space, the Swiss city of Lausanne organized a citywide consultation and workshop that asked: Just who is the public?
                                            </p>
                                            <div class="c-byline c-byline--article-most-popular">
                                                <ol class="c-meta__byline c-meta__byline--article-most-popular">
                                                    <li class="c-meta__author">
                                                        <span><a class="c-byline__link c-byline__link--article-most-popular" href="https://www.citylab.com/authors/feargus-osullivan/">Feargus O'Sullivan</a></span>
                                                    </li>
                                                </ol><span><time class="c-byline__time c-byline__time--article-most-popular">7:00 AM ET</time></span>
                                            </div>
                                        </div>
                                    </li>
                                </ol>
                            </div>
                        </section>
                        <div class="c-ballyhoos u-lazy lazyload" data-include="css:https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/frontend/dist/citylab/css/components/ballyhoo.d62a34a57fbc.css">
                            <div class="c-ballyhoo">
                                <a href="https://www.citylab.com/posts/maps/"><img class="c-ballyhoo__img lazyload" data-srcset="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2017/12/ballyhoo_artboards_maps-2/hero.png?mod=1512597427" alt="" /><noscript><img class="c-ballyhoo__img" src="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2017/12/ballyhoo_artboards_maps-2/hero.png?mod=1512597427" alt="" /></noscript></a>
                                <div class="c-ballyhoo__content">
                                    <div class="c-ballyhoo__cta">
                                        <a class="c-ballyhoo__link c-ballyhoo__link--cta" href="https://www.citylab.com/posts/maps/">Maps</a>
                                    </div><a class="c-btn c-btn--border-white c-ballyhoo__btn" href="https://www.citylab.com/posts/maps/">Click Here</a>
                                </div>
                            </div>
                            <div class="c-ballyhoo">
                                <a href="https://www.citylab.com/newsletters/"><img class="c-ballyhoo__img lazyload" data-srcset="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2017/12/ballyhoo_artboards_newsletter/hero.png?mod=1512597502" alt="" /><noscript><img class="c-ballyhoo__img" src="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2017/12/ballyhoo_artboards_newsletter/hero.png?mod=1512597502" alt="" /></noscript></a>
                                <div class="c-ballyhoo__content">
                                    <div class="c-ballyhoo__cta">
                                        <a class="c-ballyhoo__link c-ballyhoo__link--cta" href="https://www.citylab.com/newsletters/">Newsletters</a>
                                    </div><a class="c-btn c-btn--border-white c-ballyhoo__btn" href="https://www.citylab.com/newsletters/">Click Here</a>
                                </div>
                            </div>
                            <div class="c-ballyhoo">
                                <a href="https://www.facebook.com/thisiscitylab/"><img class="c-ballyhoo__img lazyload" data-srcset="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2017/12/ballyhoo_artboards_facebook/hero.png?mod=1512597427" alt="" /><noscript><img class="c-ballyhoo__img" src="https://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/2017/12/ballyhoo_artboards_facebook/hero.png?mod=1512597427" alt="" /></noscript></a>
                                <div class="c-ballyhoo__content">
                                    <div class="c-ballyhoo__cta">
                                        <a class="c-ballyhoo__link c-ballyhoo__link--cta" href="https://www.facebook.com/thisiscitylab/">Facebook</a>
                                    </div><a class="c-btn c-btn--border-white c-ballyhoo__btn" href="https://www.facebook.com/thisiscitylab/">Click Here</a>
                                </div>
                            </div>
                        </div>
                        <section class="c-action-bar js-action-bar u-hidden">
                            <div class="c-action-bar__container">
                                <div class="c-action-bar__section">
                                    <div class="c-logo c-logo--action-bar">
                                        <a class="c-logo__link" href="/" aria-label="CityLab"><svg class="c-logo__icon c-logo__icon--action-bar" viewbox="0 0 32 32">
                                        <use class="c-logo__reference c-logo__reference--action-bar" xlink:href="#icon-logo"></use></svg></a>
                                    </div>
                                    <div class="c-wordmark c-wordmark--action-bar">
                                        <a href="#main-content" class="c-skip-link">Skip to content</a> <a class="c-wordmark__link" href="/" aria-label="CityLab"><svg class="c-wordmark__icon c-wordmark__icon--action-bar" viewbox="0 0 122 21">
                                        <use xlink:href="#icon-wordmark"></use></svg></a>
                                    </div>
                                    <div class="c-share c-share--action-bar">
                                        <ul class="c-share__list">
                                            <li class="c-share__item">
                                                <a class="c-btn c-btn--share c-btn--facebook c-share__link" href="#" role="button" data-share="facebook"><svg class="c-icon c-icon--share" viewbox="0 0 16 16">
                                                <use xlink:href="#icon-facebook"></use></svg> <span class="c-btn__share-label">Share</span></a>
                                            </li>
                                            <li class="c-share__item">
                                                <a class="c-btn c-btn--share c-btn--twitter c-share__link" href="#" role="button" data-share="twitter" data-share-title="The Modern Ambitions Behind Neon"><svg class="c-icon c-icon--share" viewbox="0 0 16 16">
                                                <use xlink:href="#icon-twitter"></use></svg> <span class="c-btn__share-label">Tweet</span></a>
                                            </li>
                                        </ul>
                                    </div>
                                </div>
                                <div class="c-action-bar__section c-action-bar__section--next-story c-action-bar__section--most-popular">
                                    <a class="c-btn c-btn--action-bar" href="https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2019/04/innisfil-transit-ride-hailing-bus-public-transportation-uber/588154/" role="button">Popular Now on CityLab »</a>
                                </div>
                            </div>
                        </section>
                    </main>
                </div>
                <footer class="l-footer lazyload" role="contentinfo" data-include="css:https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/frontend/dist/citylab/css/layout/footer.26cd77fd51ec.css">
                    <div class="c-logo c-logo--footer">
                        <a class="c-logo__link" href="/" aria-label="CityLab"><svg class="c-logo__icon c-logo__icon--footer" viewbox="0 0 32 32">
                        <use class="c-logo__reference c-logo__reference--footer" xlink:href="#icon-logo"></use></svg></a>
                    </div>
                    <nav class="c-nav c-nav--footer" role="navigation" aria-label="Footer Navigation">
                        <div class="c-nav__container c-nav__container--footer">
                            <ul class="c-nav__list c-nav__list--footer">
                                <li class="c-nav__item c-nav__item--footer">
                                    <a class="c-nav__link c-nav__link--footer" href="/special-report/">Special&#160;Reports</a>
                                </li>
                                <li class="c-nav__item c-nav__item--footer">
                                    <a class="c-nav__link c-nav__link--footer" href="/faq/">FAQ</a>
                                </li>
                                <li class="c-nav__item c-nav__item--footer">
                                    <a class="c-nav__link c-nav__link--footer" href="/masthead/">Masthead</a>
                                </li>
                                <li class="c-nav__item c-nav__item--footer">
                                    <a class="c-nav__link c-nav__link--footer" href="/solutions/">Solutions</a>
                                </li>
                                <li class="c-nav__item c-nav__item--footer">
                                    <a class="c-nav__link c-nav__link--footer" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/store/">Store</a>
                                </li>
                                <li class="c-nav__item c-nav__item--footer">
                                    <a class="c-nav__link c-nav__link--footer" href="http://atlanticmedia.com/">Atlantic&#160;Media</a>
                                </li>
                                <li class="c-nav__item c-nav__item--footer">
                                    <a class="c-nav__link c-nav__link--footer" href="http://www.atlanticmedia.com/careers/">Jobs</a>
                                </li>
                                <li class="c-nav__item c-nav__item--footer">
                                    <a class="c-nav__link c-nav__link--footer" href="https://www.citylab.com/saleskit">Media&#160;Kit</a>
                                </li>
                                <li class="c-nav__item c-nav__item--footer">
                                    <a class="c-nav__link c-nav__link--footer" href="/sponsored/">Partner Solutions</a>
                                </li>
                                <li class="c-nav__item c-nav__item--footer">
                                    <a class="c-nav__link c-nav__link--footer" href="/contact/">Contact&#160;Us</a>
                                </li>
                                <li class="c-nav__item c-nav__item--footer">
                                    <a class="c-nav__link c-nav__link--footer" href="/privacy-policy/">Privacy</a>
                                </li>
                                <li class="c-nav__item c-nav__item--footer">
                                    <a class="c-nav__link c-nav__link--footer" href="/terms-conditions/">Terms&#160;&amp;&#160;Conditions</a>
                                </li>
                            </ul>
                        </div>
                    </nav>
                    <div class="c-social c-social--footer">
                        <ul class="c-social__list">
                            <li class="c-social__item">
                                <a class="c-social__link c-social__link--footer" href="https://www.facebook.com/thisiscitylab" aria-label="Like us on Facebook" role="button"><svg class="c-social__icon" viewbox="0 0 16 16">
                                <use xlink:href="#icon-facebook"></use></svg></a>
                            </li>
                            <li class="c-social__item">
                                <a class="c-social__link c-social__link--footer" href="https://twitter.com/CityLab" aria-label="Follow us on Twitter" role="button"><svg class="c-social__icon" viewbox="0 0 16 16">
                                <use xlink:href="#icon-twitter"></use></svg></a>
                            </li>
                            <li class="c-social__item">
                                <a class="c-social__link c-social__link--footer" href="https://www.instagram.com/citylab/" aria-label="Follow us on Instagram" role="button"><svg class="c-social__icon" viewbox="0 0 16 16">
                                <use xlink:href="#icon-instagram"></use></svg></a>
                            </li>
                            <li class="c-social__item">
                                <a class="c-social__link c-social__link--footer" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/citylab-com" aria-label="Connect with us on LinkedIn" role="button"><svg class="c-social__icon" viewbox="0 0 16 16">
                                <use xlink:href="#icon-linkedin"></use></svg></a>
                            </li>
                            <li class="c-social__item">
                                <a class="c-social__link c-social__link--footer" href="/feeds/posts/" aria-label="Subscribe to our RSS feed" role="button"><svg class="c-social__icon" viewbox="0 0 16 16">
                                <use xlink:href="#icon-rss"></use></svg></a>
                            </li>
                        </ul>
                    </div>
                    <section class="c-newsletter c-newsletter--footer c-newsletter--cta">
                        <label for="footer-email-input-email" class="c-newsletter__cta c-newsletter__cta--footer">Sign up for CityLab Daily:</label>
                        <form id="footer-email" class="js-newsletter-form c-newsletter__form c-newsletter__form--footer" action="#" name="footer-email">
                            <input class="js-newsletter-field--email c-newsletter__field c-newsletter__field--email c-newsletter__field--footer" id="footer-email-input-email" name="email" type="email" placeholder="Email Address" aria-label="Email Address" /> <input type="hidden" name="newsletters" value="7607485" /> <input type="hidden" name="newsletterName" value="Today on CityLab" /> <button class="js-newsletter-form__btn c-btn c-btn--signup c-btn--footer c-newsletter__submit--footer" type="submit" name="submit">Sign Up</button>
                            <div class="c-loader" role="status">
                                <button class="js-newsletter-form__btn c-btn c-btn--signup c-btn--footer c-newsletter__submit--footer" type="submit" name="submit"><span class="c-btn__loader">Loading...</span></button>
                            </div><button class="js-newsletter-form__btn c-btn c-btn--signup c-btn--footer c-newsletter__submit--footer" type="submit" name="submit"></button>
                            <div class="js-newsletter-message"></div>
                        </form>
                        <p class="c-newsletter__secondary-cta">
                            Subscribe to our other newsletters <a href="https://www.citylab.com/newsletters/">here</a>.
                        </p>
                    </section>
                    <section class="c-about">
                        <p class="c-about__item">
                            CityLab is committed to telling the story of the world’s cities: how they work, the challenges they face, and the solutions they need.
                        </p>
                        <p class="c-about__item">
                            Citylab.com © 2019 The Atlantic Monthly Group
                        </p>
                    </section>
                </footer>
            </div>
            <aside class="l-sponsored" role="complementary">
                <div class="l-sponsored__inner"></div>
            </aside>
        </div>
        <script src="https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/frontend/jspm_packages/system.822e0a71e40b.js" onload="performance.mark(&quot;citylab_systemjs_loaded&quot;)"></script>
        <script>
        <![CDATA[
        function hasOwnProp(t,s){return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(t,s)}function entries(t,s){for(var a in t){if(hasOwnProp(t,a))s(a,t[a])}}var staticHashMap= {"js/bundle/lib": {"newsletter": "747250556035", "action-bar": "d468c0a4885f", "share": "767917b570f9", "child-load": "35d5afd81bb5", "debug": "f5b38d7f2830", "disqus": "0f2de7634a06"}, "js": {"polyfill": "c71e135c0fd0", "system": "a99bf9f54b8b", "bundle": "2d6ea566640d", "concrete": "7e454af0c511"}, "sw": {"sw": "841512067b29"}, "components": {"wordmark": "6c578bf4a8d5", "action-bar": "d284baf86cd9", "ad": "c475d92e204b", "newsletter-form": "b1c47d32486b", "share": "78198eff2776", "author-article": "302d3ebdf6b8", "loader": "985e6af068a5", "featured": "904a0a066926", "logo": "8539240bf828", "newsletter": "e46244103dcd", "native": "197799092c9d", "byline": "b4f131c38edb", "icons": "8c78c9f60481", "notification": "506f567a72b9", "writers": "110e476bcacb", "lead-image": "170464c20c5e", "special-report-item": "6bd0a0b51778", "promo": "f4cd63a7bb4f", "landing-header": "823e96571363", "author-header": "361b50dfce47", "about": "033b1b604744", "skip-link": "9d7d3101027e", "river-item": "21071cfe62cb", "_preview-dark": "b8bbfc29da4f", "search-nav": "36f9642a65e9", "pagination": "8b67d18c0b4b", "masthead": "ded9166dbe25", "disqus": "ec17841abbe5", "homepage-item": "394282204705", "search": "c6566c16bf3e", "related-content": "e411a6a2e6c4", "ballyhoo": "7f3a83aca57a", "_preview": "64756d2ee63a", "presented-by": "9a7c4ace5d22", "most-popular": "89a9947981a8", "article-most-popular": "fb96fa8983a6", "social": "991e186bf610", "author-perspective": "133e604b3cbf", "navigation": "622942b64494"}, "js/bundle": {"ads": "d41d8cd98f00"}};var systemjsMap={};entries(staticHashMap,function(t,s){entries(s,function(s,a){var n="dist/theatlantic/"+t+"/"+s;systemjsMap[n+".js"]=n+"."+a+".js"})});SystemJS.config({baseURL:"https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/frontend/",map:systemjsMap})
        ]]>
        </script>
        <script src="https://cdn.citylab.com/static/a/frontend/dist/citylab/js/concrete.7e454af0c511.js" onload="performance.mark(&quot;citylab_js_loaded&quot;)"></script>
        <script>
        <![CDATA[
        SystemJS.set("pageInfo",SystemJS.newModule(window.CityLab.page_info))
        ]]>
        </script>
        <script>
        <![CDATA[
        SystemJS.set("adsConfig",SystemJS.newModule({"globals": {"src": "article", "byline": ["sarah-archer"], "title": "why-neon-is-the-ultimate-symbol-of-the-20th-century"}, "zone": "/4624/cities/channel_design", "krux": true, "perfUrl": "https://data-cdn.theatlantic.com/perf.gif", "adtest_domain": "citiestest", "lazy_load": 1, "outofpage": true, "gdpr": false}))
        ]]>
        </script>
        <script>
        <![CDATA[
        SystemJS.set("vendorConfig",SystemJS.newModule({gtm:"GTM-K92Z9D9"}))
        ]]>
        </script>
        <script>
        <![CDATA[
        SystemJS.import("citylab")
        ]]>
        </script> 
        <script>
        <![CDATA[
        Promise.all( ["citylab/js/ads", "citylab/js/lib/newsletter", "citylab/js/lib/disqus", "citylab/js/lib/action-bar", "citylab/js/lib/share", "citylab/js/lib/child-load"].map(function(e){return SystemJS.import(e)})).then(function(){performance.mark("citylab_first_batch_dependencies_loaded")})
        ]]>
        </script>
    </body>
</html>
